Bhushan Kumar1, *, Sahil Jangra2, Subhankar Das1,
Manjeet Singh Goyat2, 3
1Cluster of Mechanical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248007, India, 2Cluster of Applied Sciences, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248007, India, 3Smart Materials, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, Sønderborg 6400, Denmark
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1215
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
461 – 482 (2025)
State-of-the-art developments in mxenes: A comprehensive review
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have garnered significant attention because of their distinctive properties and potential applications in a wide range of applications. Among these materials, MXenes, a family of transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have emerged as a prominent class of 2D materials with remarkable structural, electrical, thermal, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This review explores recent advancements in the synthesis techniques, properties, and diverse applications of MXenes in energy storage, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, sensors, and environmental applications. Additionally, it provides a bibliometric overview, analyzing 10,957 research papers to assess global scientific trends and future research directions using Web of Science (WOS) data and VOSviewer software. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the state-of-the-art developments in MXene technology, offering insights into future directions and potential advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
Keywords: 2D materials; MXene; synthesis;applications; bibliometric analysis
Najsavremeniji razvoji u mksenes-u: sveobuhvatan pregled
Izvod
Poslednjih godina, dvodimenzionalni (2D) materijali su privukli značajnu pažnju zbog svojih karakterističnih svojstava i potencijalne primene u širokom spektru primena. Među ovim materijalima, MKSenes, porodica karbida, nitrida i karbonitrida prelaznih metala, pojavili su se kao istaknuta klasa 2D materijala sa izuzetnim strukturnim, električnim, termičkim, optičkim, mehaničkim i hemijskim svojstvima. Ovaj pregled istražuje nedavna dostignuća u tehnikama sinteze, osobinama i različitim primenama MKSenes-a u skladištenju energije, zaštiti od elektromagnetnih smetnji (EMI), senzorima i primenama u životnoj sredini. Pored toga, pruža bibliometrijski pregled, analizirajući 10.957 istraživačkih radova za procenu globalnih naučnih trendova i budućih pravaca istraživanja koristeći podatke Veb of Science (VOS) i softver VOSviever. Ovaj pregled ima za cilj da pruži sveobuhvatno razumevanje najsavremenijeg razvoja u MKSene tehnologiji, nudeći uvid u buduće pravce i potencijalne napretke u ovoj oblasti koja se brzo razvija.
Ključne reči: 2D materijali; MKSene; sinteza; aplikacije; bibliometrijska analiza
Alaeddine Kaouka1,*, Khedidja Benarous2, Mourad Keddam3
1Laboratory of Applied Sciences and Didactic, Higher Normal School of Laghouat, Laghouat, Algeria; 2Laboratoire de Science Fondamentales, University of Laghouat, Laghouat, Algeria, 3Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux, USTHB BP 32 El-Alia 16111 Algiers, Algeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1247
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
483 – 495 (2025)
Electrochemical evaluation of natural extracts as effective corrosion inhibitors and surface treatments on metal substrates
Abstract
Corrosion is a serious problem encountered in the industry, protection from it is more than necessary using inhibitors and treatments. These treatments can effectively ease the problem on the surface of the material substrate, particularly the metal substrate for being easily etched during usage and being unable to withstand abrasion. Experimental results showed that the extracts are effective inhibitors of corrosion. Polarization tests indicate that the inhibitors are of mixed nature and the corrosion mechanism does not change after their addition to the solution. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed that inhibitory quality and surface treatments improved corrosion resistance. Surface analysis revealed that the surface of the sample for the control solution was covered and protected. However, for the inhibited solutions the presence of oxides was not observed.
Keywords: corrosion protection, inhibitor, surface treatments
Elektrohemijska procena prirodnih ekstrakata kao efikasnih inhibitora korozije i površinskih tretmana na metalnim podlogama
Izvod
Korozija je ozbiljan problem sa kojim se susrećemo u industriji i zaštita od nje je više nego neophodna upotrebom inhibitora i tretmana. Ovi tretmani mogu efikasno da ublaže problem na površini materijalne podloge, posebno metalne podloge jer se lako urezuje tokom upotrebe i ne može da izdrži abraziju. Eksperimentalni rezultati su pokazali da su ekstrakti efikasni inhibitori korozije. Polarizacioni testovi pokazuju da su inhibitori mešovite prirode i da se mehanizam korozije ne menja nakon njihovog dodavanja u rastvor. Spektroskopija elektrohemijske impedanse je potvrdila da su inhibitorni kvalitet i površinski tretmani poboljšali otpornost na koroziju. Površinskom analizom utvrđeno je da je površina uzorka za kontrolni rastvor pokrivena i zaštićena. Međutim, za inhibirane rastvore nije primećeno prisustvo oksida.
Ključne reči: zaštita od korozije, inhibitor, površinski tretmani.
Ali Akbar1, Abhilekha Sharma2, Abhirup Mitra3,4,Richa Saxena5*, Dipti Bharti6, Richa Sharma71Department of Chemistry,Government Engineering College, Jehanabad, Bihar,India, 2Department of Chemistry, JIMS Engineering Management Technical Campus, Greater Noida, India, 3Department of Agriculture, Invertis University, Bareilly, U.P.,India, 4Department of Food Process Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha, India, 5Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, U.P.,India, 6Departmentof Applied Science & Humanities, Darbhanga College of Engineering, Darbhanga, Bihar, India, 7Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, India.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1262
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
496 – 513 (2025)
Novel strategies in carbon capture and utilization: A chemical perspective
Abstract
The escalating threat of climate change demands innovative approaches to mitigate carbon emissions, and Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) has emerged as a promising paradigm. The article begins with an overview of the current carbon emission landscape, underscoring the critical role of CCU in climate change mitigation. Catalysts play a pivotal role in CCU, and the review discusses cutting-edge developments in catalytic materials and design, offering mechanistic insights into catalyzed reactions. Biological strategies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and microbial carbon capture, are explored alongside genetic engineering for enhanced carbon assimilation. Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis are scrutinized to evaluate the environmental and economic aspects of CCU. It concludes with a forward-looking perspective, outlining future prospects and research directions in CCU. This review aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals working towards a sustainable and low-carbon future.
Keywords: Sustainable chemistry; electrochemical reduction; industrial carbon utilization; nanotechnology in CCU
Nove strategije u upotrebi i korišćenju ugljenika: hemijska perspektiva
Izvod
Sve veća pretnja od klimatskih promena zahteva inovativne pristupe za ublažavanje emisija ugljenika, a hvatanje i korišćenje ugljenika (CCU) se pojavilo kao paradigma koja obećava. Članak počinje pregledom trenutnog pejzaža emisije ugljenika, naglašavajući kritičnu ulogu CCU u ublažavanju klimatskih promena. Katalizatori igraju ključnu ulogu u CCU, a pregled razmatra najsavremenije razvoje u katalitičkim materijalima i dizajnu, nudeći mehaničke uvide u katalizovane reakcije. Biološke strategije, kao što su bioenergija sa hvatanjem i skladištenjem ugljenika (BECCS) i mikrobno hvatanje ugljenika, istražuju se zajedno sa genetskim inženjeringom za poboljšanu asimilaciju ugljenika. Procena životnog ciklusa i tehno-ekonomska analiza se ispituju da bi se procenili ekološki i ekonomski aspekti CCU. Završava se perspektivom koja je okrenuta budućnosti, izlažući buduće izglede i pravce istraživanja u CCU. Ovaj pregled ima za cilj da pruži vredan resurs za istraživače, kreatore politike i profesionalce iz industrije koji rade na održivoj budućnosti sa niskim sadržajem ugljenika.
Ključne reči: održiva hemija; elektrohemijska redukcija; Industrijsko korišćenje ugljenika; nanotehnologija u CCU.
Safa Jabbar1, Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada2*
1, 2Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kufa, Iraq
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1277
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
514 – 524 (2025)
Investigating the effect of biomaterial coating deposited electrophoretically on titanium and its alloys substrates: A review
Abstract
The current study discusses the value of improved biomaterials, particularly coatings for titanium and its alloys employed in surgicalsettings. Demonstrates how coating processes like electrophoretic (EPD) can be used to enhance mechanical and biological qualities of these materials. Because titanium is lightweight and resistant to corrosion, it is a preferred material for medical implants used in tissue repair and fracture treatment. The study also analyzes the use of ceramic coatings like hydroxyapatite and TiO2 in promoting bone regeneration, as well as issues with biocompatibility and tissue adhesion that arise in metallic implants. Positive outcomes indicate that advancements in biomaterials can enhance treatment results and augment the efficacy of medical implants, hence augmenting patients’ quality of life.
Keywords:Bio-coating, Titanium, Anti-corrosion alloys,Electrophoretic deposition.
Istraživanje uticaja premaza biomaterijala nanešenog elektroforetski na podloge titanijuma i njegovih legura: pregled
Izvod
Sadašnja studija govori o vrednosti poboljšanih biomaterijala, posebno premaza za titanijum i njegove legure koji se koriste u hirurškim postavkama. Demonstrira kako se procesi oblaganja kao što je elektroforetski (EPD) mogu koristiti za poboljšanje mehaničkih i bioloških kvaliteta ovih materijala. Pošto je titanijum lagan i otporan na koroziju, on je poželjan materijal za medicinske implantate koji se koriste u popravci tkiva i lečenju preloma. Studija takođe analizira upotrebu keramičkih premaza poput hidroksiapatita i TiO2 u promovisanju regeneracije kostiju, kao i probleme sa biokompatibilnošću i adhezijom tkiva koji se javljaju kod metalnih implantata. Pozitivni rezultati ukazuju na to da napredak u biomaterijalima može poboljšati rezultate lečenja i povećati efikasnost medicinskih implantata, čime se povećava kvalitet života pacijenata.
Ključne reči: biopremaz, titanijum, antikorozivne legure, elektroforetsko taloženje
Ravi Ranjan1, Madhulata Shukla1*
1Department of Chemistry, Gram Bharti College, Ramgarh, Kaimur,
Veer Kunwar Singh University, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1227
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
525 – 531 (2025)
Synthesis of copper (II) oxide nanoparticle: A promising material for photocatalysis
Abstract
Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their unique properties and wide range of applications. Various methods have been developed to synthesize CuO nanoparticles (NP), including physical, chemical, and biological methods. These nanoparticles find applications in various fields, including electronics, energy storage, photocatalysis, medical, and materials science. This paper reports a facile and quick synthesis of CuOnanoparticles for the first time using curcumin as a stabilizing agent and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Synthesized nanoparticle is characterized using UV-visible spectrum measurement and X-ray diffraction techniques.Synthesized catalyst was used to study the photocatalytic degradation of the very hazardous organic pollutant para-nitrophenol. (PNP)The study wascarried out in acidic and basic medium under dark and visible light irradiation. In a basic environment, the degradation of PNP remains almost insignificant whether in the presence or absence of light. However, in an acidic environment, degradation of PNP occurs at a slow pace when there is no light, but the process accelerates significantly when exposed to light. Density Functional Theory calculation indicates a strong interaction between curcumin and CuO moiety. It indicates that curcumin stabilizes the CuO nanoparticles and will be quite stable for a long time. Also, it will facilitate the easy transfer of electrons from curcumin to CuO NP by lowering the band gap and enhancing the catalytic property of NP.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, CuO, photocatalysis, DFT calculation
Sinteza nanočestica bakar (II) oksida: obećavajući materijal za fotokatalizu
Izvod
Nanočestice bakarnog oksida (CuO) privukle su značajnu pažnju zbog svojih jedinstvenih svojstava i širokog spektra primene. Razvijene su različite metode za sintezu nanočestica CuO (NP), uključujući fizičke, hemijske i biološke metode. Ove nanočestice nalaze primenu u različitim oblastima, uključujući elektroniku, skladištenje energije, fotokatalizu, medicinu i nauku o materijalima. Ovaj rad izveštava o lakoj i brzoj sintezi CuOnanočestica po prvi put koristeći kurkumin kao stabilizator i natrijum borohidrid kao redukciono sredstvo. Sintetizovana nanočestica je okarakterisana pomoću merenja UV-vidljivog spektra i tehnika difrakcije rendgenskih zraka. Sintetizovani katalizator je korišćen za proučavanje fotokatalitičke degradacije veoma opasnog organskog zagađivača para-nitrofenola. (PNP) Studija je sprovedena u kiseloj i baznoj sredini pod tamnim i vidljivim zračenjem. U osnovnom okruženju, degradacija PNP ostaje gotovo beznačajna, bilo u prisustvu ili odsustvu svetlosti. Međutim, u kiseloj sredini, degradacija PNP se odvija sporim tempom kada nema svetlosti, ali se proces značajno ubrzava kada je izložen svetlosti. Proračun funkcionalne teorije gustine ukazuje na snažnu interakciju između kurkumina i CuO dela. To ukazuje da kurkumin stabilizuje nanočestice CuO i da će biti prilično stabilan dugo vremena. Takođe, to će olakšati lak prenos elektrona sa kurkumina na CuO NP smanjenjem pojasnog pojasa i poboljšanjem katalitičkih svojstava NP.
Ključne reči: nanočestice, CuO, fotokataliza, DFT proračun
Salsabeel Kareem Burhan1,2,*, Zoalfokkar Kareem Alobad1,
Ammar Emad Al-kawaz1
1Faculty of Materials Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering and Petrochemical Industries, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq, 2Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Iraq.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1237
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
532 – 544 (2025)
Disulfide bonds modified epoxy resins: mechanical, adhesion and wear properties
Abstract
Epoxy occupiesan important place in many engineering applications, so it is necessary to improveits properties such as adhesion strength, wear resistance, and toughness. In this study,epoxy was modified by incorporation of disulfide bonds. A coating layer was prepared by adding ethanol disulfideto epoxy resin at various weight percent: 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 wt.%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopywas employed to investigate any chemical interaction. Differential scanning colometry (DSC) analysis provides valuable information aboutthermal behaviour of the prepared epoxy coating. Tensile, hardness, impact, fracture toughness, and adhesion properties were tested. Wear behaviour was investigated by pin-on-disc device. Results show that epoxy containing disulfide bonds (EP+SS) offering excellent impact resistance with good fracture toughness compared to neat epoxy. Additionally, contact angle test results show an enhancement of wettability between the modified epoxy coating layer and steel substrate. Adhesion strength of epoxy layeenhanced by incorporating ethanol disulfide into epoxy resin reaching a superior value. Comparisonto neat epoxy, the coefficient of friction of (EP+SS) highly decreased reaching about 89% and wear rate decreased by 76% as the percentage of the added ethanol disulfide increases.
A tough superior adhesive epoxy coating layer was synthesised by incorporation of the ethanol disulfide compound into epoxy resin.
Keywords: disulfide, epoxy, wear, adhesion, dynamic bonds.
Disulfidne veze modifikovane epoksidne smole: mehanička, adhezija i svojstva habanja
Izvod
Epoksid zauzima važno mesto u mnogim inženjerskim primenama, pa je neophodno poboljšati njegova svojstva kao što su čvrstoća prijanjanja, otpornost na habanje i žilavost. U ovoj studiji, epoksid je modifikovan ugradnjom disulfidnih veza. Sloj prevlake je pripremljen dodavanjem etanol disulfideto epoksidne smole u različitim težinskim procentima: 0,5, 1,5, 2,5 i 3,5 tež.%. Infracrvena spektroskopija sa Furijeovom transformacijom je korišćena za istraživanje bilo kakve hemijske interakcije. Analiza diferencijalne skenirajuće kolometrije (DSC) pruža vredne informacije o termičkom ponašanju pripremljenog epoksidnog premaza. Ispitivana je zatezna, tvrdoća, udarna žilavost, žilavost loma i svojstva adhezije. Ponašanje pri habanju je ispitano pomoću pin-on-disc uređaja. Rezultati pokazuju da epoksid koji sadrži disulfidne veze (EP+SS) nudi odličnu otpornost na udar sa dobrom otpornošću na lom u poređenju sa čistim epoksidom. Pored toga, rezultati ispitivanja kontaktnog ugla pokazuju poboljšanje vlaženja između modifikovanog sloja epoksidnog premaza i čelične podloge. Čvrstoća adhezije epoksidnog sloja je poboljšana ugradnjom etanol disulfida u epoksidnu smolu koja dostiže superiornu vrednost. U poređenju sa čistim epoksidom, koeficijent trenja (EP+SS) je veoma smanjen i dostigao je oko 89%, a stopa habanja je smanjena za 76% kako se povećava procenat dodatog etanol disulfida.
Čvrsti superiorni adhezivni sloj epoksidnog premaza sintetizovan je ugradnjom jedinjenja etanol disulfida u epoksidnu smolu.
Ključne reči: disulfid, epoksid, habanje, adhezija, dinamičke veze.
Sahil Jangra1,*, Bhushan Kumar2, Jaishree Sharma1, Subhankar Das2, Manjeet Singh Goyat1, 3
1Cluster of Applied Sciences, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India, 2Cluster of Mechanical Engineering, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India, 3Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1216
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
545 – 562 (2025)
MXenes: Synthesis, properties, and applications in advanced energy storage technologies
Abstract
MXenes have emerged as highly promising materials in the field of advanced energy storage technologies, owing to their distinctive properties and versatile applications. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of MXenes, focusing on their synthesis methods, fundamental properties, and applications in rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. In response to increasing global energy demands, MXenes present compelling solutions due to their exceptional electrical and electrochemical characteristics. These include high conductivity, large surface area, hydrophilicity, and a unique two-dimensional structure comprising metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. Additionally, this review incorporates a detailed bibliometric analysis using computational tools such as VOSviewer, which examines the global landscape of MXene research spanning from 2012 to 2024. This analysis identifies collaborative trends among different countries, institutions, authors, and journals, highlighting leading research areas. Overall, this review underscores the significant potential of MXenes in advancing energy storage technologies. It provides insights into future research directions and practical applications that could effectively meet the growing energy demands driven by electric vehicles and portable electronics.
Keywords:MXene, 2D materials,energy storage, supercapacitor, bibliometric analysis
MXenes: sinteza, svojstvaiaplikacije u naprednim tehnologijama skladištenja energije
Izvod
MXSenes su se pojavili kao veoma obećavajući materijali u oblasti naprednih tehnologija skladištenja energije, zahvaljujući svojim karakterističnim svojstvima i raznovrsnim primenama. Ovaj pregled nudi sveobuhvatnu analizu MXSena, fokusirajući se na njihove metode sinteze, osnovna svojstva i primene u punjivim baterijama i superkondenzatorima. Kao odgovor na sve veće globalne potrebe za energijom, MXSenes predstavljaju ubedljiva rešenja zbog svojih izuzetnih električnih i elektrohemijskih karakteristika. To uključuje visoku provodljivost, veliku površinu, hidrofilnost i jedinstvenu dvodimenzionalnu strukturu koja se sastoji od metalnih karbida, nitrida i karbonitrida. Pored toga, ovaj pregled uključuje detaljnu bibliometrijsku analizu korišćenjem računarskih alata kao što je VOSviever, koji ispituje globalni pejzaž MXSene istraživanja u periodu od 2012. do 2024. Ova analiza identifikuje trendove saradnje između različitih zemalja, institucija, autora i časopisa, naglašavajući vodeće oblasti istraživanja. Sve u svemu, ovaj pregled naglašava značajan potencijal MXSenes-a u unapređenju tehnologija za skladištenje energije. Pruža uvid u buduće pravce istraživanja i praktične primene koje bi mogle efikasno da zadovolje rastuće potrebe za energijom koje pokreću električna vozila i prenosiva elektronika.
Ključne reči: MXSene; 2D materijali; skladištenje energije; supercapacitor; bibliometrijska analiza
Velumani Murugesan1, Mohanraj Rajendran2*,
Loganathan Pattusamy3,Sakthieswaran Natarajan4
1Department of Civil Engineering, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India, 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Sonipat, Haryana, India, 3Civil Engineering, Excel Engineering College, Komarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India, 4Department of Civil Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1197
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
563 – 574 (2025
Enhancing corrosion resistance in concrete structures using Euphorbia Tortilis cactus extract by non-destructive testing
Abstract
This research investigates the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures, a crucial aspect for ensuring their long-term performance and sustainability. Utilizing both the half-cell potential method and an accelerated corrosion test, the study introduces a novel approach by incorporating Euphorbia Tortilis Cactus (ETC) extract as an organic additive in concrete. The half-cell potential method involves measuring potential differences between steel reinforcement and an external electrode in a Cu/CuSO4 solution, revealing varied corrosion inhibition levels in different specimens. Notably, the introduction of ETC extract demonstrates unprecedented resistivity, showcasing a mere 10% probability of corrosion, even in atmospheric conditions. The accelerated corrosion test further emphasizes the novelty of the research. ETC concrete exhibits lower applied current and mass loss percentages compared to control mixes, indicating superior corrosion resistance and reduced porosity. This novel use of ETC extract in concrete enhances its durability and sustainability, providing valuable insights for developing resilient concrete structures amid increasing concerns about corrosion-induced deterioration in reinforced concrete constructions.
Keywords: Corrosion Resistance, Concrete Structures, Euphorbia Tortilis Cactus, Organic Additive,Sustainability
Povećanje otpornosti na koroziju u betonskim konstrukcijama korišćenjem ekstrakta kaktusa euphorbia tortilis ispitivanjem bez razaranja
Izvod
Ovo istraživanje istražuje otpornost armirano betonskih konstrukcija na koroziju, što je ključni aspekt za obezbeđivanje njihovih dugoročnih performansi i održivosti. Koristeći imetodu polućelijskog potencijala i ubrzani test korozije, studija uvodi novi pristup ugradnjom ekstrakta kaktusa Euphorbia Tortilis (ETC) kao organskog aditiva u beton. Metoda polućelijskog potencijala uključuje merenje potencijalnih razlika između čelične armature i spoljne elektrode u rastvoru Cu/CuSO4, otkrivajući različite nivoe inhibicije korozije u različitim uzorcima. Primetno je da uvođenje ETC ekstrakta pokazuje otpornost bez presedana, pokazujući samo 10% verovatnoće korozije, čak i u atmosferskim uslovima. Ubrzani test korozije dodatn onaglašava novinu istraživanja. ETC beton pokazuje niže procente primenjene struje igubitka mase u poređenju sa kontrolnim mešavinama, što ukazuje na superiornu otpornost na koroziju i smanjenu poroznost. Ova nova upotreba ETC ekstrakta u betonu povećava njegovu izdržljivost i održivost, pružajući dragocene uvide u razvoj otpornih betonskih konstrukcija usred sve veće zabrinutosti zbog propadanja armirano betonskih konstrukcija izazvanih korozijom.
Ključne reči: otpornost na koroziju, betonske konstrukcije, kaktus Euphorbia Tortilis, organski aditiv, održivost
Jasmina Popović*
University of Belgrade-Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade,
Republic of Serbia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1238
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
575 – 583 (2025)
Hot water pretreatment in wood biorefining processing
Abstract
Wood can be processed to create various products or components that can cover a wide range of purposes. As a natural reservoir of organic matter, wood is also an important raw material for the production of chemicals and fuels. The limited reserves of fossil resources, environmental pollution and climate change make it necessary to obtain energy and chemicals from renewable raw materials. In this context, there is a growing demand for wood as a renewable and available raw material, which also emphasizes the importance of its optimal use. Namely, the end products made from wood often contain elements that do not significantly enhance the quality of these products, or may even have negative effects. In addition, degradation and permanent loss of valuable wood components can occur during the chemical processing. The introduction of hot water pretreatment in wood processing can be a way to biorefine wood and a solution for a more rational use of its ingredients. In this way, some valuable products such as hemicelluloses, saccharides or extractives (e.g. tannins) and other compounds can be extracted from the wood before the main process. The type and amount of products separated depend on a number of factors such as the wood species and the pretreatment conditions (temperature, pressure and duration of the process). At the same time, changes in its chemical composition can improve some properties of the wood after pretreatmentor facilitate its further processing. This paper shows the influence of hot water pretreatment on some properties of wood, such as dimensional stability and heating value. The possibilities of using water-treated wood for the production of wood products with improved properties are also shown.
Keywords: wood, hot water pretreatment, dimensional stability, heating value
Primena predtretmana vrelom vodom u biorafinaciji drveta
Izvod
Drvo se može preraditi u razne proizvode ili poluproizvode sa širokim spektrom primene. Kao prirodni rezervoar organskih materija, drvo je, takođe, važna sirovina za proizvodnju hemikalija i goriva. Ograničenost rezervi fosilnih resursa, zagađenje životne sredine i klimatske promene nameću potrebu za proizvodnjom energije i hemikalija iz obnovljivih sirovina. U tom kontekstu potražnja za drvetom kao obnovljivom i dostupnom sirovinom sve više raste, a time i potreba za njegovim optimalnijim iskorišćenjem. Naime, u krajnjim proizvodima od drveta često se nalaze sastojci koji ne utiču značajno na njihov kvalitet, ili čak mogu imati negativan uticaj. Pored toga, tokom hemijskih procesa prerade može doći do degradacije i trajnog gubitka vrednih sastojaka drveta. Uvođenje predtretmana vrelom vodom u procese prerade drveta može biti jedan od načina biorafinacije drveta i racionalnijeg iskorišćenja njegovih sastojaka. Tako se, pre glavnog procesa prerade, iz drveta mogu izdvojiti vredni proizvodi kao što su hemicelulozni šećeri ili ekstraktivi (na primer tanini), ali i druga jedinjenja. Vrsta i količina izdvojenih proizvoda zavise od brojnih faktora kao što su vrsta drveta i uslovi izvođenja predtretmana (temperatura, pritisak i trajanje procesa). Istovremeno, usled promena u hemijskom sastavu, posle predtretmana mogu biti poboljšana neka svojstva drveta, ili se može olakšati njegova dalja prerada. U ovom radu prikazan je uticaj predtretmana vrelom vodom na neka svojstva drveta, kao što su dimenzionalna stabilnost i toplotna moć. Takođe su prikazane mogućnosti upotrebe drveta tretiranog vodom za proizvodnju proizvoda od drveta poboljšanih svojstava.
Ključne reči: drvo, predtretman vrelom vodom, dimenzionalna stabilnost, toplotna moć
Prabin Kumar Mahato1*, Swarat Choudhuri2,
Shristi Chaudhary3, Prashanta Patra4, Deepak Gupta5
1Department of Physics, Ranchi University, Ranchi, India, 2Department of Physics, St. Xavier College, Ranchi, India, 3Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India, 4Department
of Physics, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, India, 5School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1069
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
584 – 591 (2025)
Morphological, size-dependent field emission investigation of GO and rGO nanosheet
Abstract
Here, we report the role of surface morphologies and grain size on electron field emission characteristics of GO and rGOnanosheets, synthesized through the modified Hummer method. The plasmon peaks were observed at 290nm -310nm for both samples. Here, a plasmonicenergy-associated effective mass model was used to calculate the crystal size of the nanosheet, which is 3.56nm and 4.79nm for GO and rGOnanosheet, which confirms the confinement behavior. Raman data recorded for GO and rGO nanosheet confirm the presence of D and G bands, suggesting growth of GO and rGO, in addition, the Crystal size is calculated by Raman data, which is comparable to Bohr exciton radius size, indicating the GO and rGO are quantum dots. The electron field emission parameters of synthesized GO and rGOnanosheets have been investigated and parameters are calculated by the Fowler–Nordheim (F-N) equation. Among them, the GO sample exhibits the best electron field emission properties with the minimum turn-on voltage of 8.2 V/μm and the field enhancement factor of 1200 due to possessing the smallest emitter tip radius(size) and the varying surface morphologies.
Keywords: Graphene oxide, Raman, Band gap, Field Emission
Morfološko istraživanje emisije go i rGO nanolista zavisno od veličine
Izvod
Ovde izveštavamo o ulozi morfologije površine i veličine zrna na karakteristike emisije elektronskog polja GO i rGO nanolistova, sintetizovanih modifikovanom Hamerovom metodom. Plazmonski vrhovi su primećeni na 290 nm -310 nm za oba uzorka. Ovde je korišćen model efektivne mase povezan sa plazmonično energijom za izračunavanje veličine kristala nanolima, koja je 3,56 nm i 4,79 nm za GO i rGOnanolist, što potvrđuje ponašanje zatvaranja. Ramanovi podaci snimljeni za GO i rGOnanosheet potvrđuju prisustvo D i G traka, što sugeriše rast GO i rGO, pored toga, veličina kristala se izračunava Ramanovim podacima, koji je uporediv sa veličinom radijusa Borovog eksitona, što ukazuje da su GO i rGO kvantne tačke. Istraženi su parametri emisije elektronskog polja sintetizovanih GO i rGOnano listova i parametri su izračunati pomoću Fauler–Nordhajmove (F-N) jednačine. Među njima, GO uzorak pokazuje najbolja svojstva emisije elektronskog polja sa minimalnim naponom uključivanja od 8,2 V/mm i faktorom poboljšanja polja od 1200 zbog posedovanja najmanjeg radijusa (veličine) vrha emitera i različite morfologije površine.
Ključne reči: Grafen oksid, raman, pojasni razmak, emisija polja
Pooja Singh1,2,*, Avshish Kumar1, Vinod Kumar Jain1
1Amity Institute for Advanced Research and Studies (Materials & Devices), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India, 2MaharajaSurajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110058, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1263
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
592 – 599 (2025)
Development of UV Photodetector using SnO2/AuNPs@SiNWs hetero junction on Si chip
Abstract
In this study, we present the development of a hybrid nanostructure based on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and tin oxide (SnO2) and Au nanoparticles, which was utilized to develop a UV photodetector. Metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) was used to create SiNWs on p-Si (1 1 1) substrate, while reduction synthesis and co-precipitation techniques were used to create AuNPs and SnO2 nanoparticles, respectively. These AuNPs and SnO2 nanoparticles were then deposited on top of SiNWs. Using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), UV-Visible spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the synthesized SnO2/AuNPs@SiNWs hybrid nanostructure was examined. The synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles were subjected to TEM examination as well. At room temperature, the UV photocurrent response of SnO2/AuNPs@SiNWs was studied at varying UV light intensities as 1, 1.5, and 2 mW/cm2.
The hybrid nanostructure of SnO2/AuNPs@SiNWs was found to have a photocurrent response time to be very fast (1.32 s). As we turned off the UV source, the sensor reached to its initial state in ~0.77 s. The sample was checked continually for three on/off sets of illumination at a regular interval of 60 s. Therefore, the work disclosed here has great promise for the advancement of highly effective miniature UV photodetectors with unique features.
Keywords:Photodetector, ultra-violet, gold nanoparticles, silicon nanowires, tin oxide.
Razvoj uv fotodetektora koji koristi SnO2/AuNPs@SiNWs heterospojnicu na Si čipu
Izvod
U ovoj studiji predstavljamo razvoj hibridne nanostrukture zasnovane na silicijumskim nanožicama (SiNV) i nanočesticama kalajnog oksida (SnO2) i Au, koja je korišćena za razvoj UV fotodetektora. Hemijsko jetkanje uz pomoć metala (MACE) korišćeno je za kreiranje SiNV na p-Si (1 1 1) supstratu, dok su tehnike redukcione sinteze i ko-precipitacije korišćene za stvaranje AuNP i SnO2 nanočestica, respektivno. Ove nanočestice AuNP i SnO2 su zatim deponovane na SiNV. Koristeći rendgenski difraktometar (KSRD), UV-vidljivi spektrofotometar i skenirajuću elektronsku mikroskopiju (SEM), ispitana je sintetizovana hibridna nanostruktura SnO2/AuNPs@SiNVs. Sintetizovane nanočestice SnO2 su takođe podvrgnute TEM ispitivanju. Na sobnoj temperaturi, UV fotostrujni odgovor SnO2/AuNPs@SiNVs je proučavan pri različitim intenzitetima UV svetlosti od 1, 1,5 i 2 mV/cm2. Utvrđeno je da hibridna nanostruktura SnO2/AuNPs@SiNVs ima vreme odziva fotostruje veoma brzo (1,32 s). Kako smo isključili UV izvor, senzor je dostigao svoje početno stanje za ~0,77 s. Uzorak je kontinuirano proveravan za tri uključena/isključena seta osvetljenja u redovnom intervalu od 60 s. Stoga, rad koji je ovde otkriven ima veliko obećanje za unapređenje visoko efikasnih minijaturnih UV fotodetektora sa jedinstvenim karakteristikama.
Ključne reči: fotodetektor, ultraljubičasto, nanočestice zlata, silicijumske nanožice, kalaj oksid
Harshani Ramesh1*, Karthikeyan Ganesan2,
Padma Rani Ramesh3
1Civil Department, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti, India,
2Civil Department, Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam, India, 3Civil Department, Sri Bharathi Engineering College for women, Pudukottai, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1271
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
600 – 610 (2025)
A Study on mechanical behavior of Eco-friendly Light Weight Concrete (LWC) blocks using industrial wastes
Abstract
In the construction industry, concrete comes beginning due to its affordability and widespread application. One of the drawbacks of normal concrete is its substantial self-weight. This heavy self-weight of construction will lead to in unprofitable structural material. To reduce the self-weight, coarse gravel has been substituted partially / substantially by lightweight aggregate. This study aims to investigate the production of LWC (Light Weight Concrete) by using cenosphere and pumice and subsequently evaluate their performance in terms of compressive strength, water absorption, wet density, dry density, and thermal conductivity Based on a thorough review of the relevant literature, the goal of this study is to find the optimal volume of cenosphere for fine aggregates and pumice for coarse aggregates in LWC blocks. Here Cenosphere is replaced for fine aggregate in the ratios of 30% from literature review and pumice is replaced for coarse aggregate in the ratios of 20%, 40%,60%, 80%,100%. The strength properties and lightweight properties of various cenosphere and pumice concrete ratios were compared and the concrete with 30% cenosphere and 60% pumice is found as the optimal mix. The optimal mix is found based on compressive strength, wet density, dry density, water absorption, thermal conductivity for amount of density reduced in concrete. This optimal mix has a compressive strength of 21.81 N/mm2 which is lower than conventional concrete and has a water absorption of 3.31% which is higher than conventional concrete and also greater than LWB(Lightweight Block) 40%. It also shows better results in lightweight as well as strength.
Keywords: Lightweight Concrete, Density, compression, porous, thermal conductivity
Studija o mehaničkom ponašanju ekološki prihvatljivih lakih betonskih blokova (LVC) koji koriste industrijski otpad
Izvod
U građevinskoj industriji beton se koristi zbog svoje pristupačnosti i široke primene. Jedan od nedostataka normalnog betona je njegova velika sopstvena težina. Ova velika sopstvena težina konstrukcije će dovesti do neisplativosti konstrukcijskog materijala. Da bi se smanjila sopstvena težina, krupni šljunak je delimično/značajno zamenjen lakim agregatom. Ova studija ima za cilj da istraži proizvodnju LVC-a (Light Veight Concrete) korišćenjem cenosfere i plovućca i zatim proceni njihove performanse u smislu čvrstoće na pritisak, upijanja vode, gustine mokre, suve gustine i toplotne provodljivosti. Na osnovu detaljnog pregleda relevantnih literaturi, cilj ovog istraživanja je pronalaženje optimalne zapremine cenosfere za fine agregate i plovućca za krupne agregate u LVC blokovima. Ovde je cenosfera zamenjena finim agregatom u razmerama od 30% iz pregleda literature, a plovućac je zamenjen krupnim agregatom u odnosima od 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%. Upoređene su osobine čvrstoće i lake težine različitih odnosa cenosfere i plovca betona i beton sa 30% cenosfere i 60% plovućca je pronađen kao optimalna mešavina. Optimalna mešavina se nalazi na osnovu čvrstoće na pritisak, vlažne gustine, suve gustine, upijanja vode, toplotne provodljivosti za količinu smanjene gustine u betonu. Ova optimalna mešavina ima čvrstoću na pritisak od 21,81 N/mm2 koja je niža od konvencionalnog betona i ima apsorpciju vode od 3,31% što je više od konvencionalnog betona i takođe veće od LVB (Lightveight Block) 40%. Takođe pokazuje bolje rezultate u laganoj težini i snazi.
Ključne reči: laki beton, gustina, kompresija, porozna, toplotna provodljivost.
Farzet Bikić, Dejana Kasapović
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Zenica,
Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1165
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
611 – 617 (2025)
Investigation of general corrosion of austenitic stainless steel types 304 L and 317 L, especially from the aspect of their chemical composition
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels are among the most widely used types of stainless steel. The most commonly used grades are the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 300 series of alloys. Starting from the basic 304 alloy (Fe-19Cr-10Ni), molybdenum is added to improve resistance to pitting (2-3 wt.% in the case of type 316 and 3-4 wt.% in type 317). Sensitisation due to chrome depletion during welding and other heat treatments, and the possible resultant intergranular corrosion, can be avoided through the use of low-carbon grades (304L, 316L, 317L, in which carbon is limited to 0.03 wt.% max.) or by adding titanium (type 321) or niobium and tantalum (type 347) to precipitate carbon at higher temperatures. The addition of chromealso imparts greater oxidation resistance, whilst nickel improves the ductility and workability of the material at room temperature.
In this paper, general corrosion of austenitic stainless steels, specifically low-carbon types 317 L and 304 L, was investigated. The research results are presented in the form of Tafel polarization curves, expressed through corrosion current density and open circuit potential. The results prove that the rate of general corrosion of the tested austenitic stainless steels decreases by lowering the temperature of the HCl solution, decreasing the concentration of HCl, and the presence of molybdenum in the composition of steel type 317 L.
Keywords: austenitic stainless steels, general corrosion, 317 L, 304 L, Tafel polarization curves
Ispitivanje opšte korozije austenitnog nerđajućeg čelika tipovi 304 l i 317 l, posebno sa aspekta njihovog hemijskog sastava
Izvod
Austenitni nerđajući čelici su među najčešće korišćenim vrstama nerđajućeg čelika. Najčešće korišćene klase su legure serije 300 Američkog instituta za gvožđe i čelik (AISI). Počevši od osnovne legure 304 (Fe-19Cr-10Ni), dodaje se molibden radi poboljšanja otpornosti na piting (2-3 tež.% kod tipa 316 i 3-4 tež.% kod tipa 317). Preosetljivost usled trošenja hroma tokom zavarivanja i drugih toplotnih tretmana, kao i moguća rezultujuća intergranularna korozija, može se izbeći upotrebom niskougljeničnih razreda (304L, 316L, 317L, u kojima je ugljenik ograničen na 0,03 tež.% mak.) ili dodavanjem titanijuma (tip nital47bium) i hroma (tip nital47 i 321). taloži ugljenik na višim temperaturama. Dodatak hroma takođe daje veću otpornost na oksidaciju, dok nikl poboljšava duktilnost i obradivost materijala na sobnoj temperaturi.
U ovom radu je ispitivana opšta korozija austenitnih nerđajućih čelika, posebno niskougljeničnih tipova 317 L i 304 L. Rezultati istraživanja su predstavljeni u obliku Tafel polarizacionih krivulja, izraženih kroz gustinu struje korozije i potencijal otvorenog kola. Rezultati pokazuju da se brzina opšte korozije ispitivanih austenitnih nerđajućih čelika smanjuje snižavanjem temperature rastvora HCl, smanjenjem koncentracije HCl i prisustva molibdena u sastavu čelika tipa 317 L.
Ključne reči: austenitni nerđajući čelici, opšta korozija, 317 L, 304 L, Tafelove polarizacione krive
Mohamed F. Atia1, KamalShalabi2, Mohamed A. Ismail2, Magdy. Abd El-Khalek2, Abd El-Aziz S. Fouda2*
1Institute of aviation engineering and technology, Cairo, Egypt
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1269
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
618 – 634 (2025)
Contribution to the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by 5-(2-ethoxybenzylidene) 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid in HCl solution: Experimental and theoretical study
Abstract
The inhibiting impact of ecofriendly 5-(2-ethoxybenzylidene) 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (5-EBMB) in 1 M HCl on the corrosion of C-steel has been examined via weight loss (WL) method, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques”. The obtained results demonstrate that the studied chemical is good 5-EBMB and that, in both PDP and EIS methods, its inhibition efficiency (%IE) increases with increasing concentration, reaching 82.5 at 21×10-6 M. Conversely, when the temperature rose, the percentage of IE reduced. “The adsorption of the investigated derivative on the surface of C-steel follows Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption process of the investigated compound is spontaneous and considered as chemisorption type”. PDP curves revealed that the studied derivative is mixed-type inhibitor. Furthermore, the EIS results verified that the compound under investigation had adsorbed on the C-steel surface by raising the charge transfer resistance (Rct) to 139.7 ohm cm2 and decreasing the double layer (Cdl) capacitance from 102 to 69 µF cm-2. The inhibitor adsorption on the C-steel surface was confirmed by surface examination using atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, quantum chemistry and molecular dynamic simulation were used to extensively examine the mechanism of 5-EBMB’s corrosion inhibition. All tested methods gave good agreement.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibition, HCl, C-steel, Arylidene barbituric acid derivative, Langmuir isotherm
Doprinos inhibiciji korozije ugljeničnog čelika pomoću 5-(2-etoksibenziliden) 1,3-dimetilbarbiturne kiseline u rastvoru HCl: Eksperimentalna i teorijska studija
Izvod
Inhibirajući uticaj ekološki prihvatljive 5-(2-etoksibenziliden) 1,3-dimetilbarbiturne kiseline (5-EBMB) u 1 M HCl na koroziju ugljeničnog čelika je ispitan metodom gubitka težine (VL), potenciodinamičke polarizacije (PDP), spektroskopija elektrohemijske impedanse (EIS), tehnike elektrohemijske frekvencijske modulacije (EFM). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da je proučavana hemikalija dobra 5-EBMB i da, kako u PDP tako iu EIS metodi, njena efikasnost inhibicije (%IE) raste sa povećanjem koncentracije, dostižući 82,5 na 21k10-6 M. Nasuprot tome, kada temperatura raste, smanjen je procenat IE. „Adsorpcija ispitivanog derivata na površini C-čelika prati Langmuirovu izotermu. Proces adsorpcije ispitivanog jedinjenja je spontan i smatra se tipom hemisorpcije. PDP krive su pokazale da je proučavani derivat inhibitor mešovitog tipa. Štaviše, rezultati EIS-a su potvrdili da se jedinjenje koje se ispituje adsorbovalo na površini C-čelika podizanjem otpora prenosa naelektrisanja (Rct) na 139,7 ohm cm2 i smanjenjem kapacitivnosti dvostrukog sloja (Cdl) sa 102 na 69 µF cm-2. Adsorpcija inhibitora na površini C-čelika je potvrđena ispitivanjem površine primenom mikroskopije atomske sile (AFM), energetski disperzivnog Ks zraka (EDKS) i skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije (SEM). Pored toga, kvantna hemija i molekularna dinamička simulacija su korišćene da se opširno ispita mehanizam inhibicije korozije 5-EBMB. Sve testirane metode dale su dobru saglasnost.
Ključne reči: Inhibicija korozije, HCl, C-čelik, derivat ariliden barbiturne kiseline, Langmuirova izoterma
Jonida Tahiraj1*, Ridvana Mediu2, Sonila Shehu1,
Esmeralda Halo1, Bledar Murtaj1, Elda Marku1, Aurel Nuro1
1Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania, 2Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Applied Science, University College LOGOS, Tirana, Albania
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1286
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
635 – 643 (2025)
Levels, distribution, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Petrolifera and Porto Romano ports in Albania
Abstract
This study reports the levels, distribution,and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) analyzed in surface sediment samples from Petrolifera and Porto Romano ports. They are well known for their industrial activity and good transportation.A total of 17 samples were collected from both ports in December 2023. A gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was used to analyse the 13PAHs. The total concentrations of PAHs in sediments at PetroliferaPort varied from 102.9ngg-1 to 358.3ng g-1, with an average value of 226.6ng g-1. Similarly, the quantities in sediments from Porto Romano Port varied from 135ng g-1to 1241ng g-1, with an average value of 556ng g-1. Sites within the ports have the highest concentrations of PAHs. Approximately 40% of the Σ13PAHs in Petrolifera and 39% in Porto Romano were attributed to 3-ringed PAHs within the analyzed areas. About 60% of the PAHs with rings between 4 and 6 were found in Petrolifera Port, and 61% in Porto Romano Port. The isomeric diagnostic ratio showed that PAHs in surface sediments in both areas originated from both sources, but mainly dominatedby pyrogenic sources. The results were compared with different sediment quality guidelines.
Keywords: port, PAHs, 3-ring, sediments, diagnostic ratio
Nivoi, distribucija i potencijalni izvori policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika u površinskim sedimentima luka petrolifera i porto romano u albaniji
Izvod
Ova studija prikazuje nivoe, distribuciju i izvore policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika (PAH) analiziranih u uzorcima površinskih sedimenata iz luka Petrolifera i Porto Romano. Poznati su po svojoj industrijskoj aktivnosti i dobrom saobraćaju. Ukupno 17 uzoraka je prikupljeno iz obe luke u decembru 2023. Za analizu 13 PAH-ova korišćen je gasna hromatografija/detektor plamene jonizacije (GC/FID). Ukupne koncentracije PAH u sedimentima u luci Petrolifera varirale su od 102,9 ng g-1 do 358,3 ng g-1, sa prosečnom vrednošću od 226,6 ng g-1. Slično tome, količine u sedimentima iz luke Porto Romano varirale su od 135 ng g-1 do 1241 ng g-1, sa prosečnom vrednošću od 556 ng g-1. Lokacije unutar luka imaju najveću koncentraciju PAH. Približno 40% S13PAH-a u Petroliferi i 39% u Porto Romanu pripisano je PAH-ovimasa 3 prstena unutar analiziranih oblasti. Oko 60% PAH-ova sa prstenovima između 4 i 6 pronađeno je u luci Petrolifera, a 61% u luci Porto Romano. Izomerni dijagnostički odnos je pokazao da PAH u površinskim sedimentima u oba područja potiču iz oba izvora, ali uglavnom dominiraju pirogeni izvori. Rezultati su upoređeni sa različitim smernicama za kvalitet sedimenta.
Ključnereči: luka, PAH, 3-prsten, sedimenti, dijagnostički odnos
Vanela Gjeci1*, Xhuljeta Hamiti2, Flora Qarri3, Pranvera Lazo2
1National Environmental Agency, Directory of Environmental Data Management, Chemicals, Laboratory Analyses and Innovation, Tirana, Albania, 2University of Tirana, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tirana, Albania, 3 University of Vlora, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Vlora, Albania
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1270
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
644 – 652 (2025)
Water quality of Shkumbini River, Albania, evaluated by physical-chemical parameters and nutrient content
Abstract
Water is an important natural resource that supports the lives of humans and the environment.Monitoring the quality of fresh water is important for water quality assessment and for ensuring a good quality objective. It is very necessary to test the nutrient and physical-chemical parameters of water in respect of national and/or EU standards before it is used for different purposes, such as drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial water. This study deals with the water quality assessment of the Shkumbini River based on the distribution and level of physical-chemical parameters and nutrients along the river. The study was performed in March 2022 by applying in-situ measurements of water quality parameters combined with chemical analysis of nutrient content. The results revealed the geographical position, the related urbanization and human activity, as well as weather variation along the river catchment as primary factors affecting the changes in river water quality. Although the number of sampling sites is small (N=4), it is noted that the measured results for all parameters obey the normal distribution (tested by Anderson-darling test, p > 0.05) and were characterized by low variation (CV% < 25%), except TSS which showed a moderate variation (CV% = 49%). The water quality parameters resulted in a lower level than the permitted values, by indicating good water quality in the Shkumbini River. It is confirmed by the WQI index, which ranged in a good water quality status (71 < WQI < 90) for all monitoring stations. It is probably related to low water temperatures and a rainy period in March. The outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of the water quality parameters and the model employed for assessing water quality.
Keywords:river water, sampling, water quality,physical-chemical parameters,nutrient.
Kvalitet vode reke Škumbini, Albanija, procenjen prema fizičko-hemijskim parametrima i sadržaju hranljivih materija
Izvod
Voda je važan prirodni resurs koji podržava živote ljudi i životne sredine. Praćenje kvaliteta slatke vode je važno za procenu kvaliteta vode i za obezbeđivanje cilja dobrog kvaliteta. Veoma je neophodno ispitati hranljive i fizičko-hemijske parametre vode u skladu sa nacionalnim i/ili EU standardima pre nego što se ona upotrebi u različite svrhe, kao što su voda za piće, domaćinstva, poljoprivredna i industrijska voda. Ova studija se bavi procenom kvaliteta vode reke Škumbini na osnovu distribucije i nivoa fizičko-hemijskih parametara i hranljivih materija duž reke. Studija je izvedena u martu 2022. primenom in situ merenja parametara kvaliteta vode u kombinaciji sa hemijskom analizom sadržaja hranljivih materija. Rezultati su otkrili geografski položaj, povezanu urbanizaciju i ljudske aktivnosti, kao i vremenske varijacije duž rečnog sliva kao primarni faktori koji utiču na promene kvaliteta rečne vode. Iako je broj mesta uzorkovanja mali (N=4), primećuje se da izmereni rezultati za sve parametre poštuju normalnu distribuciju (testirano Anderson-Darling testom, p > 0,05) i da ih karakteriše mala varijacija (CV% < 25%), osim TSS koji je pokazao umerenu varijaciju (CV% = 49%). Parametri kvaliteta vode su rezultirali nižim nivoom od dozvoljenih vrednosti, ukazujući na dobar kvalitet vode u reci Škumbini. To potvrđuje VKI indeks, koji se kretao u dobrom statusu kvaliteta vode (71 < VKI < 90) za sve stanice za praćenje. Verovatno je to povezano sa niskim temperaturama vode i kišnim periodom u martu. Rezultati pokazuju efikasnost parametara kvaliteta vode i modela korišćenog za procenu kvaliteta vode.
Ključne reči: rečna voda, uzorkovanje, kvalitet vode, fizičko-hemijski parametri, hranljiva materija
Monikandon Sukumaran2, Ravisankar Natarajamani1*
1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Research Scholar, Department
of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1266
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
653 – 664 (2025)
Musa Paradisiaca stem sap extract as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum protection in acidic environment
Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of Musa paradisiaca stem sap extract (MPSSE) as a green corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in hydrochloric environment. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) identified compounds in the extract. The corrosion inhibition potential was assessed through gravimetric analysis (weight loss measurements), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Surface analysis was conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the surface morphology of aluminum before and after treatment. Adsorption Isotherm studies were performed to understand the interaction mechanism between the extract and the aluminum surface, employing Langmuir, Temkin, Frumkin, and Freundlich isotherms. The results indicate that the extract exhibits corrosion inhibition potential. GC-MS analysis identified compounds like long-chain alkanes, phthalic acid esters, and fluorinated compounds, contributing to corrosion resistance by forming protective barriers on metal surfaces. Gravimetric analysis indicated that the extract, particularly at 20 V/V% concentration, achieved up to 90.73% inhibition efficiency over 30 days, significantly reducing weight loss and corrosion rates. Adsorption studies revealed a strong adherence to the Temkin Isotherm model, suggesting effective adsorption of the extract on the aluminum surface. Atomic force microscopy showed a decrease in surface roughness with increasing extract concentration, confirming the inhibitor’s protective effect. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated higher charge transfer resistance and pronounced inductive behavior with the inhibitor, indicating the formation of a protective layer on aluminum. The findings highlight the potential of MPSSE as an eco-friendly alternative for corrosion protection in industrial applications.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibitor: gravimetric analysis; Musa paradisiaca; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, eco-friendly alternative
Ekstrakt soka stabljike musa paradisiaca kao inhibitor korozije za zaštitu aluminijuma u kiseloj sredini
Izvod
Ova studija istražuje efikasnost ekstrakta stabljike Musa paradisiaca (MPSSE) kao zelenog inhibitora korozije za aluminijum u hlorovodoničnom okruženju. Gasna hromatografija-masena spektroskopija (GC-MS) identifikovala je jedinjenja u ekstraktu. Potencijal inhibicije korozije je procenjen gravimetrijskom analizom (merenja gubitka težine) i spektroskopijom elektrohemijske impedanse (EIS). Analiza površine je sprovedena korišćenjem mikroskopije atomske sile (AFM) da bi se ispitala morfologija površine aluminijuma pre i posle tretmana. Studije izoterme adsorpcije su sprovedene da bi se razumeo mehanizam interakcije između ekstrakta i površine aluminijuma, koristeći Langmuir, Temkin, Frumkin i Freundlich izoterme. Rezultati pokazuju da ekstrakt pokazuje potencijal inhibicije korozije. GC-MS analiza identifikovala je jedinjenja kao što su dugolančani alkani, estri ftalne kiseline i fluorovana jedinjenja, koja doprinose otpornosti na koroziju formiranjem zaštitnih barijera na metalnim površinama. Gravimetrijska analiza je pokazala da je ekstrakt, posebno pri koncentraciji od 20 V/V%, postigao efikasnost inhibicije do 90,73% tokom 30 dana, značajno smanjujući gubitak težine i stope korozije. Studije adsorpcije su otkrile snažno pridržavanje Temkin Isotherm modela, što sugeriše efikasnu adsorpciju ekstrakta na površini aluminijuma. Mikroskopija atomske sile pokazala je smanjenje hrapavosti površine sa povećanjem koncentracije ekstrakta, potvrđujući zaštitni efekat inhibitora. Spektroskopija elektrohemijske impedanse pokazala je veću otpornost na prenos naelektrisanja i izraženo induktivno ponašanje sa inhibitorom, što ukazuje na formiranje zaštitnog sloja na aluminijumu. Nalazi ističu potencijal MPSSE-a kao ekološki prihvatljive alternative za zaštitu od korozije u industrijskim aplikacijama.
Ključne reči: inhibitor korozije: gravimetrijska analiza; Musa paradisiaca; elektrohemijska impedansna spektroskopija, ekološki prihvatljiva alternativa
Richa Sharma*1, Vijaylaxmi Mishra2 , Supyar Kumawat1,
Gajanand Sharma3
1Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology, Jaipur, 2Department of Quality Control,
Bharat Biotech International Pvt Limited, Hyderabad, 3Department of Chemistry, MPS International, Jaipur
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1274
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
665 – 673 (2025)
Medicinal Importance of Emblica officinalis leaf extract nanoparticles and their biological evaluation
Abstract
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles is a novel field of nanotechnology that outperforms both biological and chemical approaches in terms of biocompatibility, cost-efficiency, scalability and environmental friendliness. Bacteria, fungi, plant and algae have lately been used to produce metals and metal oxide nanoparticles as an alternate method. In the present study, the green synthesis of Silver and copper nanoparticles was carried out using leaf extract of Emblica officinalis as a reducing agent and their antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles were carried out using methanolic leaves extract of Emblica officinalis. Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction patterns(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). These biogenic particles were tested for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli & Staphylococcus aureus. Biosynthesized nanoparticles showed potent biological activity and effective radicals scavenging activity. Methanolic leaf extract of Emblica officinalis acts as an excellent capping agent for the formation of silver & copper nanoparticles and demonstrates immense biological activities. Hence, these particles can be used as antibacterial, antioxidant as well as cytotoxic agent in treating many medical complications. It can be concluded that the silver and copper nanoparticles constitute an effective antimicrobial agent against common pathogenic bacteria. This could be a significant achievement in contending with many dynamic pathogens.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Green synthesis, XRD, Emblica officinalis, Biological agents
Lekoviti značaj nanočestica ekstrakta lista emblica officinalis i njihova biološka procena
Izvod
Zelena sinteza nanočestica je nova oblast nanotehnologije koja nadmašuje i biološke i hemijske pristupe u smislu biokompatibilnosti, ekonomičnosti, skalabilnosti i ekološke prihvatljivosti. Bakterije, gljive, biljke i alge se u poslednje vreme koriste za proizvodnju metala i nanočestica metalnih oksida kao alternativne metode. U ovoj studiji, zelena sinteza nanočestica srebra i bakra je sprovedena korišćenjem ekstrakta lista Emblica officinalis kao redukcionog agensa i njihove antibakterijske aktivnosti protiv ljudskih patogena. Preliminarna fitohemijska analiza metanolnog ekstrakta E.officinalis pokazala je prisustvo tanina, saponina, flavanoida i fenola, od kojih su flavonoidi i saponini najinhibitivniji prema svim patogenima. Emblica officinalis definitivno poseduje snažno antimikrobno dejstvo protiv bakterijskih patogena i može se koristiti u lečenju različitih bolesti izazvanih ovim organizmima. Biosinteza nanočestica je sprovedena korišćenjem metanolnog ekstrakta listova Emblica officinalis. Nanočestice su okarakterisane UV-vidljivom spektroskopijom, uzorcima difrakcije rendgenskih zraka (XRD), skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) i transmisijskom elektronskom mikroskopijom (TEM). Ove biogene čestice su testirane na antimikrobnu aktivnost metodom disk difuzije protiv Escherichia coli i Staphilococus aureus. Biosintetizovane nanočestice pokazale su snažnu biološku aktivnost i efikasnu aktivnost uklanjanja radikala. Metanolni ekstrakt lista Emblica officinalis deluje kao odlično sredstvo za zatvaranje za formiranje nanočestica srebra i bakra i pokazuje ogromne biološke aktivnosti. Stoga se ove čestice mogu koristiti kao antibakterijski, antioksidativni, kao i citotoksični agens u lečenju mnogih medicinskih komplikacija. Može se zaključiti da nanočestice srebra i bakra predstavljaju efikasan antimikrobni agens protiv uobičajenih patogenih bakterija.
Ključne reči: nanočestice, Green sinteza, KSRD, Emblica officinalis, Biološki agensi.
Nilavan Anitha1, Joseph Ignatius Navis Karthika2,
Micheal Velankanni Jeevitha Clara1, Arockiam Roslin1, Arockiaraj Little Jewelcy1, Susai Rajendran1,3,*
1Corrosion Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal), Tamil Nadu, India, 2Department of Chemistry, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India, 3Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, ChinnaKalapet, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1299
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
674 – 680 (2025)
Corrosion resistance of Ever Silver vessel in the presence of rasam-a light South Indian traditional soup
Abstract
Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers’ increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. In the present study corrosion resistance of Ever Silver vessel in the absence and presence of rasam recipe, a light South Indian traditional soup made with basic spices, ripe tomatoes, tamarind and herbs. AC impedance spectra have been used to measure the corrosion resistance. It is observed that the corrosion resistance of Ever Silver vessel increases in the presence of rasam recipe. This is due to the presence of various molecules present in the ingredients of rasam. So it is concluded that rasam recipe can be stored in Ever Silver vessel and also rasam can be served in Ever Silver vessel during dining.
Keywords: Corrosion resistance, Ever Silver vessel, rasam, AC impedance spectra, electrochemical study
Otpornost na koroziju posude ever silver u prisustvu rasama – lagane južnoindijske tradicionalne supe
Izvod
Ambalaža za hranu služi u svrhu bezbednosti prehrambenih proizvoda i lako grukovanja i transporta sprečavajući hemijsku kontaminaciju i produžavajući rok trajanja, što pruža pogodnost za potrošače. Za pakovanje hrane korišćene su različite vrste materijala, uključujući plastiku, staklo, metale i papire i njihove kompozite. Međutim, zbog povećane zdravstvene svesti potrošača, značaj prenošenja štetnih materijala iz materijala za pakovanje u hranu izaziva veću zabrinutost. U ovoj studiji otpornost na koroziju posude Ever Silver u odsustvu i prisustvu recepta za rasam, lagane južno indijske tradicionalne supe napravljene od osnovnih začina, zrelog paradajza, tamarinda i začinskog bilja. Spektri impedanse naizmenične struje korišćeni su za merenje otpornosti na koroziju. Primećeno je da se otpornost na koroziju Ever Silver posude povećava u prisustvu rasam recepture. To je zbog prisustva različitih molekula prisutnih u sastojcima rasama. Zaključuje se da se recept za rasam može čuvati u Ever Silver posudi, a takođe se rasam može poslužiti u Ever Silver posudi tokom večere.
Ključne reči: otpornost na koroziju, Ever Silver posuda, rasam, AC impedansni spektri, elektrohemijska studija
Sundus M. Ahmed1, Nageeb S. Abtan2, Ali H. Alwazir3,
Hakim S. Aljibori3,Firas F. Sayyid1, Ali M. Mustafa1,
Ahmed A. Alamiery4,5, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum6
1Production Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Technology, Baghdad,Iraq, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tiktit University, College of Engineering, Tikreet, Salah Al Deen, Iraq, 3College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbalaa, Iraq, 4l-Ayen Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, AUIQ, An Nasiriyah, Thi Qar, Iraq,5Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, 6Al-Ameed University College, Karbala, Iraq
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1047
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
681 – 693 (2025)
Investigation of FPM as a corrosion Inhibitor for mild steel in HCl solution: Insights from electrochemical, weight loss and theoretical approaches
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the efficiency of furan-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl-methanone (FPM) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl environment. Our study combines electrochemical techniques, weight loss measurements and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Regarding weight loss experiments, we find that a concentration of 0.5 mM of FPM provides maximum protection efficacy, reaching 91.8% at 303 K after 30 minutes of immersion and observed that the inhibition efficiency rises with increasing concentration of FPM but declines with higher temperatures. Based on the Langmuir isotherm and experimental analysis, it can be suggested that FPM can adhere to the surface of mild steel through physical and chemical interactions. Moreover, our theoretical studies reveals correlations between the structure of FPM and its effectiveness in inhibiting corrosion, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Experimental and theoretical results both are in agreement. Our findings underscore the potential of FPM as a corrosion inhibitor in industrial applications, offering new avenues for corrosion control techniques.
Keywords: Furan, corrosion, steel, potentiodynamic polarization, DFT
Istraživanje fpm-a kao inhibitora korozije za blagi čelik u rastvoru hcl: uvidi iz elektrohemije, gubitak težine i teorijski pristupi
Izvod
U ovoj studiji istražujemo efikasnost furan-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl-metanona (FPM) kao inhibitora korozije za blagi čelik u okruženju HCl. Naša studija kombinuje elektrohemijske tehnike, merenja gubitka težine i proračune teorije funkcionalne gustine (DFT). Što se tiče eksperimenata sa gubitkom težine, otkrili smo da koncentracija od 0,5 mM FPM-a obezbeđuje maksimalnu efikasnost zaštite, dostižući 91,8% na 303 K nakon 30 minuta potapanja i primetili smo da efikasnost inhibicije raste sa povećanjem koncentracije FPM-a, ali opada sa višim temperaturama. Na osnovu Langmuirove izoterme i eksperimentalne analize, može se sugerisati da FPM može da prianja na površinu mekog čelika putem fizičkih i hemijskih interakcija. Štaviše, naše teorijske studije otkrivaju korelacije između strukture FPM-a i njegove efikasnosti u inhibiciji korozije, bacajući svetlo na osnovne mehanizme. I eksperimentalni i teorijski rezultati se slažu.Naši nalazi naglašavaju potencijal FPM-a kao inhibitora korozije u industrijskim primenama, nudeći nove mogućnosti za tehnike kontrole korozije.
Ključne reči: Furan, korozija, čelik, potenciodinamička polarizacija, DFT
Aleksandar Petričević1, Susanne Holmin2, John Gustavsson2, Lena Sundberg2, Erik Zimmerman2, Vladimir D. Jović1,*
1Institute for Multidisciplinary Research University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, 2Permascand, Folkets Husvägen 50, SE-841 99 Ljungaverk, Sweden
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1546
Zastita Materijala 66 (3)
694 – 702 (2025)
Additional accelerated service life test for testing Ni-Sn coatings under the conditions of industrial hydrogen production
Abstract
The accelerated service life test (ASLT), developed by PERMASCAND and applied in aspecially designed flow cell, is presented for the first time in the literature in this work. This test involves the application of six sequences of very high current densities, followed by zero current density, in 5.0 M NaOH at 50 oC.The test is performed on Ni-Sn coatings electrodeposited onto Ni mesh,which serves as the substrate for catalytic coatings used by PERMASCAND.The results demonstrate that the overpotential (h) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on several Ni-Sn samples is practically unaffected by the test sequences, remaining approximately -180 mV at j = -1000 mA cm-2. The same test was applied toPERMASCAND’s commercial cathode, and the results were compared. Additionally, the Ni-Sn samples were tested in a stationary electrolyte H-cell configuration using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Nyquist plots recorded at four different values of h were characterized by the presence of two semi-circles, indicating the presence of charge transfer reaction and intermediate adsorption reaction. Comparing polarization curves recorded in PERMASCAND’s test cell after the ASLT and in the stationary H-cell after the EIS measurements suggests that long-term performance should be assessed using the ASLT developed by the industry.
Key words: ASLT, Ni-Sn coatings, hydrogen evolution, alkaline solution, Nyquist plots.
Dodatni ubrzani test za ispitivanje Ni-Sn PREVLAKA u uslovima industrijske proizvodnje vodonika
Izvod
Prvi put u literaturi prikazan je ubrzani test za ispitivanje Ni-Sn prevlaka u uslovima industrijske proizvodnje vodonika razvijen u kompaniji PERMASCAND. Test je uradjen u specijalno dizajniranoj aparaturi koja simulira uslove rada u hlor-alkalnoj elektrolizi i bazira se na primeni šest sekvenci. Svaka sekvenca traje 1 sar i za to vreme se 60 puta ponavljaju j = – 3000mA cm-2 (54 s) i j = 0 mA cm-2(6 s). Kao elektrolit koristi se 0.5 M NaOH zagrejan na 50 oC. Testirane elektrode su bile prevlake od Ni-Sn legure istaložene na Ni mrežici koja se koristi kao osnova za nanošenje komercijalnih prevlaka u kompaniji PERMASCAND. Pokazano je da je prenapetost korigovana za omski pad napona (hcorr) na svim testiranim elektrodama bila praktično nezavisna od broja sekvence (hcorr» -180 mV prij = -1000mA cm-2). Test je primenjen i na komercijalne PERMASCAND katode i rezultati su uporedjeni, pri čemu su Ni-Sn katode imale znatno bolje karakteristike u prvoj sekvenci, dok su u preostalim sekvencama komercijalne katode posedovale manju prenapetost za 30 – 40 mV. Ni-Sn katode su ispitivane i u stacionarnom elektrolitu (H – ćelija) merenjem polarizacionih krivih i impedansom. Nyquist-ovi dijagrami su bili okarakterisani prisustvom dva polukruga, ukazujući na prisustvo reakcije razmene naelektrisanja i adsorpcije intermedijara (Hads). Polarizacione krive registrovane u PERMASCAND-ovoj test ćeliji nakon završenog testai u H – ćeliji su uporedjene i potvrdjeno je da se tzv. “dugovremenski test” mora raditi pod uslovima koji su definisani od strane industrijskih razvojnih instituta.
Ključnereči: Ubrzani test, Ni-Sn prevlake, izdvajanje vodonika, alkalni rastvori, Nyquist-ovi dijagrami.