
Monikandon Sukumaran2, Ravisankar Natarajamani1*
1Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Research Scholar, Department
of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1142
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
225 – 232 (2025)
Inhibition of marine corrosion of thermo mechanically treated rod using green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
Abstract
The present study investigates the use of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Ficus tsjahelas a protective coating for Thermo Mechanically Treated(TMT) rods in amarine environment. The method startedwith the extraction of theinhibitor from plant leaves using ethanol, followed by the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles. Then (TMT) rods were coated with these FeNPs and exposed to thecorrosive conditions of marine environment. In this study iron oxide nanoparticles were produced using chemical precipitation approach and the particle size effects are fully studied by applying techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Visible) and SEM. Interestingly when (TMT) rods were coated with 10 layers of FeNPs, the corrosion inhibition efficiency increased to 94.1% for 8mm rods, 95.4% for 10mm rods and 98.7% for 16mm rods respectively. Furthermore, the inhibitive results corresponded with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicating that the inhibitory effect of FeNPs follows a physical adsorption process.
Keywords: nanoparticles; green nanoparticles; marine structure corrosion;TMT rod Corrosion; brackish water corrosion.
Nhibicija morske korozije termomehanički obrađene šipke korišćenjem zelenih sintetizovanih nanočestica oksida gvožđa
Izvod
Ova studija istražuje upotrebu nanočestica oksida gvožđa sintetizovanih iz Ficus tsjahelas zaštitnog premaza za termomehanički obrađene (TMT) štapove u morskom okruženju. Metoda je započeta ekstrakcijom inhibitora iz listova biljaka korišćenjem etanola, nakon čega je usledila priprema nanočestica oksida gvožđa. Zatim su (TMT) šipke obložene ovim FeNP-ovima i izložene korozivnim uslovima morskog okruženja. U ovoj studiji nanočestice oksida gvožđa su proizvedene korišćenjem pristupa hemijskom precipitacijom, a efekti veličine čestica su u potpunosti proučavani primenom tehnika kao što su infracrvena spektroskopija Furijeove transformacije (FT-IR), ultraljubičasta vidljiva spektroskopija (UV-Visible) i SEM. Zanimljivo je kada su (TMT) šipke obložene sa 10 slojeva FeNP-a, efikasnost inhibicije korozije porasla je na 94,1% za šipke od 8 mm, 95,4% za šipke od 10 mm i 98,7% za šipke od 16 mm. Štaviše, inhibitivni rezultati su odgovarali Langmuir-ovoj adsorpcionoj izotermi što ukazuje da inhibitorni efekat FeNP-a prati fizički proces adsorpcije.
Ključne reči: nanočestice, zelene nanočestice, korozija morske strukture, TMT štap Korozija, korozija bočate vode
Chanamolu Swathi1, Sangaraju Venkata Jagadeesh Chandra2*, Yarravarapu Srinivasa Rao1, Dodda Venkata Rama Koti Reddy1
1Department of Instrument Technology, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India, 2Department of Physics, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Rishikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1146
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
233 – 239 (2025)
Influence of Nd dopant on the structural properties of barium zirconium titanateperovskite
Abstract
Barium zirconium Titanate (BZT) Nano composite powder was prepared using solid state reaction method. To improve the structural properties of BZT, Neodymium has been doped at various concentration levels. To analyse the thermal stability of neodymium (Nd) doped BZT, calcination process was performed at different temperatures in the range of 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300 and 1350 ℃ for 4hours. XRD spectra of the sample calcined at 1350 ℃ for 4 hours has given significant peaks relatively when compare with other temperatures. Further, observed that the crystallographic nature of the sample was improved by increasing percentage of Nd in the BZT. The FTIR spectra confirm the presence of BZT and eventually the corresponding shift in the bands while addition of Nd. Besides, the increase in the percentage of Nd in BZT there was a shift in the broad band positions towards higher wavenumber range from [699-479]cm-1 to [746-484]cm-1,eventually the crystallographic nature of TiOx, ZrOx and NdxOy compounds was confirmed by shifting the vibrational band towards lower wavelength in the range from [746-484] cm-1 to [735-480]cm-1. The field emission scanning electron microscopic images illustrates that the ‘Nd’ doped BZT samples were relatively porus when compare with undopedBZT.
Keywords: Barium Zirconium Titanate, Neodymium, Ball milling, Crystallographic Structure, Surface morphology
Uticaj Nd dopanta na strukturna svojstva barijum-cirkonijum-titanatperovskita
Izvod
Nanokompozitni prah barijum cirkonijum titanata (BZT) je pripremljen korišćenjem metode reakcije u čvrstom stanju. Da bi se poboljšala strukturna svojstva BZT-a, neodimijum je dopiran u različitim nivoima koncentracije. Da bi se analizirala termička stabilnost BZT-a dopiranog neodimijumom (Nd), proces kalcinacije je izveden na različitim temperaturama u opsegu od 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300 i 1350 ℃ tokom 4 sata. XRD spektri uzorka kalcinisanog na 1350 ℃ tokom 4 sata dali su značajne pikove u poređenju sa drugim temperaturama. Dalje, primećeno je da je kristalografska priroda uzorka poboljšana povećanjem procenta Nd u BZT-u. FTIR spektri potvrđuju prisustvo BZT i na kraju odgovarajuće pomeranje u opsezima pri dodavanju Nd. Pored toga, sa povećanjem procenta Nd u BZT došlo je do pomeranja pozicija širokog opsega ka višim talasnim brojevima od [699-479] cm-1 do [746-484] cm-1, moguće je da je kristalografska priroda TiOx, ZrOx i NdxOy jedinjenja potvrđena pomeranjem vibracionog opsega ka nižim talasnim dužinama u opsegu od [746-484] cm-1 do [735-480] cm-1. Slike dobijene elektronskim mikroskopom dobijenim skeniranjem poljske emisije ilustruju da su uzorci BZT dopiranog „Nd“ bili relativno porozni u poređenju sa nedopiranim BZT.
Ključne reči: barijum-cirkonijum-titanat, neodimijum, kuglično mlevenje, kristalografska struktura, površinska morfologija
Prasanthni Padmanaban1*,Alex Rajesh Amalnathan1,
Priya Boopathi2, Dineshkumar Gopalakrishnan3
1Civil Engineering, K. S. R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India, 2Civil Engineering, National Institute
of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India, 3Civil Engineering, VaagdeviCollege of Engineering, Warangal, Telangana, India.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1261
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
240 – 249 (2025)
Testing and evaluation of PVCC nano layered reinforced concrete T-beam: Experimental study
Abstract
This study examines the performance of reinforced concrete T-beams strengthened with PVCC nano layering and basalt fiber fabric wrapping. TP3, a PVCC nano-layered specimen with 1.2% PVA fibre, and TB2, a basalt fibre fabric-wrapped beam, outperform the other specimens. TP3 has a first fracture load of 112 kN and a maximum ultimate load of 165 kN, with 1.66 times the ductility and 1.51 times the stiffness of the control beam (T0). TP3 also has 1.61 times more energy absorption and the highest energy index, 1.46 times that of T0.TB2 can withstand a maximum ultimate load of 185 kN and has higher ductility, stiffness, energy absorption, and energy index than T0. The experimental results are validated by finite element analysis, which provides useful insights into strengthening procedures in structural engineering applications.
Keywords:T-beam, PVCC nano layered beams, Basalt beams, Ductility enhancement
Ispitivanje i procena PVCC nano slojevitog armiranog betona T-grede: eksperimentalna studija
Izvod
Ova studija ispituje performanse armiranobetonskih T-greda ojačanih PVCC nano slojevima i omotačem od bazaltnih vlakana. TP3, PVCC nanoslojni uzorak sa 1,2% PVA vlakana i TB2, greda obmotana bazaltnim vlaknima, nadmašuju druge uzorke. TP3 ima prvo opterećenje loma od 112 kN i maksimalno opterećenje od 165 kN, sa 1,66 puta većom duktilnošću i 1,51 puta većom krutošću kontrolne grede (T0). TP3 takođe, ima 1,61 puta veću apsorpciju energije i najveći energetski indeks, 1,46 puta veći od T0. TB2 može da izdrži maksimalno maksimalno opterećenje od 185 kN i ima veću duktilnost, krutost, apsorpciju energije i energetski indeks od T0. Eksperimentalni rezultati su potvrđeni analizom konačnih elemenata, koja pruža koristan uvid u postupke ojačanja u primenama u građevinarstvu.
Ključne reči: T-greda, PVCC nano slojevite grede, bazaltne grede, povećanje duktilnosti
Adamu Mamman1, Preeti Jain2*, Shinggu D. Yamta3
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Nigerian Army University Biu, No.1 Biu, Gombe Road, PMB 1500, Borno State, Nigeria, 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Basic Science and Research,Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Utter Pradesh, India, 3Department of Chemistry Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1111
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
250 – 268 (2025)
A concise review on nanomaterials: Plant-based synthesis, optimization and characterization
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that plants’ secondary metabolites possess theelectrochemical capacity that plays a major role in the reduction of metallic ions to their respective metallic nanoparticles. After the reduction process, these metabolites encircle the fabricated nanoparticles thereby lowering their surface energies and strengthening their repulsive forces, which opens a door to the possibility of achieving promising operational stability in their colloidal system. It is imperative to note that optimization of reaction parameters like pH, concentration, temperature, and time is very crucial when embarking on the green approach to the synthesis of nanoparticles that could be using secondary metabolites from plants as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent.This review discussed the role of secondary metabolites and optimum reaction parameters as the most essential and environmentally acceptable requirements for the synthesis of nanoparticles.It also examined the processes underlying their fabrication, purification, and characterization.
Keywords: Synthesis, Secondary metabolite, Optimization, Nanoparticles, Stability, Purification, Characterization
Sažeti pregled nanomaterijala: sinteza na bazi biljaka, optimizacija i karakterizacija
Izvod
Brojne studije su otkrile da sekundarni metaboliti biljaka poseduju elektrohemijski kapacitet koji igra glavnu ulogu u redukciji metalnih jona u njihove odgovarajuće metalne nanočestice. Nakon procesa redukcije, ovi metaboliti okružuju proizvedene nanočestice i na taj način smanjuju njihovu površinsku energiju i jačaju njihove odbojne sile, što otvara vrata mogućnosti postizanja obećavajuće operativne stabilnosti u njihovom koloidnom sistemu. Imperativ je napomenuti da je optimizacija reakcionih parametara kao što su pH, koncentracija, temperatura i vreme veoma ključna kada se krene sa zelenim pristupom sintezi nanočestica koje bi mogle da koriste sekundarne metabolite iz biljaka kao agens za redukciju, zatvaranje i stabilizaciju. U ovom pregledu se raspravljalo o ulozi sekundarnih metabolita i kao najoptimalnijim zahtevima za sintezu u životnoj sredini. nanočestice. Takođe je ispitao procese koji su u osnovi njihove proizvodnje, prečišćavanja i karakterizacije.
Ključne reči: sinteza, sekundarni metabolit, optimizacija, nanočestice, stabilnost, prečišćavanje, karakterizacija.
Ganeshprabhu Parvathikumar1*, Brintha Sahadevan1,
Mukilan Karuppasamy2, Kavitha Eswaramoorthy3
1Department of Civil Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineeringand Technology, K.Vellakullam, Madurai District, Tamilnadu, India, 2Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Srivilliputhur, Tamilnadu,3Department of Civil Engineering, Aishwarya College of Engineering and Technology, Erattaikaradu, Bhavani, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1169
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
269 – 279 (2025)
Investigating the thermal properties and structural integrity of fly-ash bricks with varying rice straw proportions for sustainable
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the thermal properties and structural integrity of a fly-ash brick that is layered with varying proportions of rice straw, specifically denoted as SB-1, SB-2, SB-3, SB-4, and SB-5 (representing 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of rice straw content, respectively). New urban areas built with straw bales give comfort at a low cost and reduce pollution generated by straw incinerationEgyptians employed adobe blocks [composed of earth material (clay) and biological material (straw)] for architecture in ancient times. The performance of straw sandwiched clay brick is experimented in this study by analyzing the chemical property of straw to be utilized in brick, microstructure analysis, and mechanical and thermal conductivity of straw sandwiched clay brick.When the mechanical and thermal properties of the specimen were taken into account, 1 percent (SB–2) produced better results in both areas. Because it helps to meet the three dimensional aspects of sustainable development: environment, economy, and society, the concept of creating Eco-straw bale brick is an environmentally sustainable sound strategy.
Key words: Fly ash brick; mechanical properties; thermal properties with sandwiched clay; compressive strength; thermal conductivity
Istraživanje termičkih svojstava i strukturnog integriteta cigli od letećeg pepela sa različitim proporcijama pirinčane slame za održivost
Izvod
Svrha ovog istraživanja je da se istraže termička svojstva i strukturni integritet cigle od letećeg pepela koja je obložena različitim proporcijama pirinčane slame, posebno označene kao SB-1, SB-2, SB-3, SB-4 i SB-5 (koji predstavlja 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% i 4% sadržaja pirinčane slame, respektivno). Nove urbane oblasti izgrađene balama slame pružaju udobnost uz niske troškove i smanjuju zagađenje izazvano spaljivanjem slame Egipćani su koristili blokove od ćerpiča [sastavljene od zemljanog materijala (glina) i biološkog materijala (slame)] za arhitekturu u drevnim vremenima. Performanse slame u sendviču cigla od gline je eksperimentisana u ovoj studiji analizom hemijskih svojstava slame koja će se koristiti u cigli, analizom mikrostrukture i mehaničkom i toplotnom provodnošću opeke od gline u sendviču. Kada se uzmu u obzir mehanička i termička svojstva uzorka, 1 procenat (SB–2) daje bolje rezultate u obe oblasti. Budući da pomaže u ispunjavanju trodimenzionalnih aspekata održivog razvoja: životne sredine, ekonomije i društva, koncept stvaranja opeke od eko-slame je ekološki održiva strategija.
Ključne reči: cigla od letećeg pepela; mehanička svojstva; termička svojstva sa sendvič glinom; čvrstoća na pritisak; toplotna provodljivost.
Vigneshkumar Alagarsamy1*,Clementz Edwardraj Freeda Christy1, Muthukannan Muthiah2, Ubagaram Johnson Alengaram3
1Department of Civil Engineering,Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Department of Civil Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 3Centre for Innovative Construction Technology (CICT), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1181
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
280 – 291 (2025)
Influence of alkaline binders on the workability and strength of self compacting geopolymer concrete
Abstract
Selfcompacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC)is a promising alternative to traditional concrete due to its environmental benefits. In SCGC, alkaline binders such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)have the potential to influence both workabilityand strength.Particularly, the ratio of alkaline binders impacts directly the overall performance of SCGC.In this research, five SCGC mixes with various alkaline binder ratios between 0.40 to 0.60 in 50% fly ash (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS),at a concentration of 14 M NaOH, superplasticizer (9kg/m3) and extra water (54kg/m3)were investigated for the effect of alkaline binder ratio on workability and mechanical strength properties. The study results showed that the fresh properties of SCGC with A/B ratios of 0.4, 0.45 and 0.5 complied with EFNARC guidelines from the slump flow test and the lowest T50cm slump obtained was 696 mm. The highest CS of 38.3 MPa, STS of 4.63 MPa, and FS of 5.85 MPa have been attained, which indicated better mechanical performance of the SCGC mix with a 0.5 A/B ratio.Therefore, the 0.5 alkaline binder ratioswere optimized at 14M of NaOH on rheological and strength properties.
Keywords:Fly ash, GGBS, NaOH, Na2SiO3,Alkaline binder ratio, Rheological and mechanical properties.
Uticaj alkalnih veziva na obradljivost i čvrstoću samoskupljajućeg geopolimer betona
Izvod
Samozbijajući geopolimer beton (SCGC) je obećavajuća alternativa tradicionalnom betonu zbog svojih ekoloških prednosti. U SCGC, alkalna veziva kao što su natrijum hidroksid (NaOH) i natrijum silikat (Na2SiO3) imaju potencijal da utiču na obradivost i snagu. Konkretno, odnos alkalnih veziva direktno utiče na ukupne performanse SCGC. U ovom istraživanju pet SCGC se meša sa različitim odnosima alkalnog veziva između 0,40 i 0,60 u 50% letećeg pepela (FA) i 50% mlevene granulisane šljake visoke peći (GGBS), u koncentraciji 14 M NaOH, superplastifikator (9 kg/m3). ) i dodatne vode (54 kg/m3) ispitan je uticaj odnosa alkalnog veziva na obradivost i svojstva mehaničke čvrstoće. Rezultati studije su pokazali da su sveža svojstva SCGC-a sa A/B odnosima od 0,4, 0,45 i 0,5 u skladu sa smernicama EFNARC-a iz testa sleganja, a najniži dobijeni pad T50cm bio je 696 mm. Postignut je najveći CS od 38,3 MPa, STS od 4,63 MPa i FS od 5,85 MPa, što ukazuje na bolje mehaničke performanse SCGC mešavine sa odnosom A/B od 0,5. Zbog toga su odnosi alkalnog veziva od 0,5 optimizovani na 14 M NaOH na reološkim svojstvima i svojstvima čvrstoće.
Ključne reči: leteći pepeo, GGBS, NaOH, Na2SiO3, odnos alkalnog veziva, reološka i mehanička svojstva.
Agha InyaNdukwe1*, Miracle B. Deekae1, Wisdom M. Ejike1, KooffrehOkon1,2, Chibuike C. Ozoh1, Uchechukwu D. Chiemela1, Udochukwu S. Ikele1, Ihechi P. Chibuzor1, Desmond T. Ezeasia1, Ifunanya M. Ikwuka1, George Achonwa1
1Federal University of Technology, Department of Materials andMetallurgical Engineering, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, 2African Centre
of Excellence in FutureEnergies and Electrochemical Systems, Owerri (ACE-FUELS, FUTO),Imo State, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1203
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
292 – 312 (2025)
Metal corrosion in high temperature conditions: A review
Abstract
This work reviewed previous studies relevant to the mechanisms of metal corrosion in extremely high temperatures, the combined effects of pressure and chemical species on corrosion processes, and the development of innovative materials and coatings made to withstand these challenging conditions. The complex interactions between temperature, pressure, and chemical species were highlighted in the investigation as factors that accelerate corrosion rates of metals in a variety of industrial environments.Data from numerous experimental studies and industrial applications were analyzed as part of a thorough literature review conducted for the research.Previous studies reported that corrosion mechanisms, including fluxing, hot corrosion, sulphidation, and corrosion fatigue, including protective oxide scales were found to be crucial in maintaining material integrity.New materials designed for extreme temperature resistance, such as high entropy alloys, high-temperature metallic glasses, and oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloys, were reported to show superior strength, oxidation resistance, and creep performance including protective coatings, like vitreous ceramic-like enamels and phase composite ceramic thermal barriers. To improve the durability and performance of metals in extreme environments, the research highlighted the significance of material composition, coating microstructure, and application techniques in determining the effectiveness of corrosion protection methods. Based on these findings, the study recommended additional research into the development and optimization of advanced materials and coatings for particular high-temperature applications, as well as the integration of these solutions into industrial processes.
Keywords:high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, protective coating, non-protective coating, novel materials for extreme environments
Korozija metala u uslovima visoke temperature: pregled
Izvod
Ovaj rad je pregledao prethodne studije relevantne za mehanizme korozije metala na ekstremno visokim temperaturama, kombinovane efekte pritiska i hemijskih vrsta na procese korozije, i razvoj inovativnih materijala i premaza napravljenih da izdrže ove izazovne uslove. Složene interakcije između temperature, pritiska i hemijskih vrsta su istaknute u istrazi kao faktori koji ubrzavaju stope korozije metala u različitim industrijskim okruženjima. Podaci iz brojnih eksperimentalnih studija i industrijskih primena analizirani su kao deo detaljnog pregleda literature sprovedenog za ovo istraživanje. Prethodne studije su izvestile da mehanizmi korozije, uključujući fluksovanje, toplotnu koroziju, koroziju od korozije, zaštitu od korozije otkriveno je da su ključni u održavanju integriteta materijala. Novi materijali dizajnirani za otpornost na ekstremne temperature, kao što su legure visoke entropije, metalna stakla na visokim temperaturama i legure ojačane oksidnom disperzijom, pokazuju superiornu čvrstoću, otpornost na oksidaciju i performanse puzanja, uključujući zaštitne premaze, kao što su staklasto-keramičke keramičke emajlirane šipke nalik na fazu. Da bi se poboljšala izdržljivost i performanse metala u ekstremnim okruženjima, istraživanje je istaklo značaj sastava materijala, mikrostrukture premaza i tehnika primene u određivanju efikasnosti metoda zaštite od korozije. Na osnovu ovih nalaza, studija je preporučila dodatna istraživanja razvoja i optimizacije naprednih materijala i premaza za posebne primene na visokim temperaturama, kao i integraciju ovih rešenja u industrijske procese
Ključne reči: visokotemperaturna korozija, oksidacija, zaštitni premaz, nezaštitni premaz, novi materijali za ekstremna okruženja
Saigeeta Priyadarshin1, Shatrughan Soren2,
Akanksha Mishra3*
1AEX Team, Autodesk India Private Limited, New Delhi-110017, India, 2Department of Fuel, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand – 826004, India,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida – 201310, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1157
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
313 – 320 (2025)
A review on mechanical properties of 2D transition metal carbides (MXene) reinforced metal and polymer composites
Abstract
In this modern era, two-dimensional MXenes, commonly known as transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides have evolved as a new class of competitive material for developing composites for various applications. Being a 2D material, MXenes-reinforced composites become an emerging field with significant potential due to their remarkable optical, mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical behaviours. Furthermore, its stability at high temperature exhibits its uniqueness in the field of composites. As a result, MXene has been considered as a revolutionary material for the application impelled functional and structural composites with tuneable electrical thermochemical and physicomechanical properties. In this report, we review recent developments in MXenes as a reinforcing element in metal matrix composites (MMCs) as well as polymer matrix composites (PMCs) and provide a perspective for future research in this province.
Keywords: MXene, MAX phase, metal matrix composite, Ti 3 C 2 T x, Tensile property
Pregled mehaničkih svojstva 2d prelaznih metalnih karbida (MXene) ojačanih metala i polimera kompozita
Izvod
U ovoj modernoj eri, dvodimenzionalni MXeni, poznatiji kao karbidi prelaznih metala, nitridi i karbonitridi, evoluirali su kao nova klasa konkurentnih materijala za razvoj kompozita za različite primene. Budući da su 2D materijali, kompoziti ojačani MXenes-om postaju novo polje sa značajnim potencijalom zbog svog izvanrednog optičkog, mehaničkog, električnog i elektrohemijskog ponašanja. Štaviše, njegova stabilnost na visokim temperaturama pokazuje njegovu jedinstvenost u oblasti kompozita. Kao rezultat toga, MXene se smatra revolucionarnim materijalom za primenu funkcionalnih i strukturnih kompozita sa podesivim električnim termohemijskim i fizičko-mehaničkim svojstvima. U ovom izveštaju razmatramo nedavni razvoj MXene-a kao elementa za ojačavanje u kompozitima metalne matrice (MMC) kao i kompozitima sa polimernom matricom (PMC) i pružamo perspektivu za buduća istraživanja u ovoj provinciji.
Ključne reči: MXene, MAX faza, kompozit metalne matrice, Ti3 C2 Tk, zatezna svojstva
Agha Inya Ndukwe1*, Benjamin Uchenna Nwadirichi1,
Chukwuma Daniel Okolo1, Mmesomachukwu Emem Tom-Okoro1, Rasaq O. Medupin2, Remy Uche3, Innocent O. Arukalam4, Chukwudike Onuoha1, Chijioke P. Egole1, Okore Okay Okorafor5, Nnaemeka R. Nwakuba5
1Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, 4Department of Polymer & Textile Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, 5Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1187
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
321 – 344 (2025)
Corrosion control in metals: A review on sustainable approach using nanotechnology
Abstract
This study concerns the review of previous studies that made use of nanotechnology to inhibit the corrosion of metals/alloys in one part. The other consideration probed the long-term stability and durability of the applied nanotechnology for corrosion control in a variety of environmental conditions, as well as the optimization of nanoparticle dispersion and integration for optimal efficiency—two crucial but sometimes disregarded features of nano coatings for corrosion prevention. Although there had been some progress in preventing corrosion, consistent dispersion of nanoparticles and long-term efficacy were still unattainable with nano coatings. Key findings from the review of the literature covering the years 2017–2023 indicated an increasing amount of research on different materials and techniques to improve corrosion resistance, from multilayerednanocomposites to superhydrophobic surfaces and innovative composite coatings. The versatility and effectiveness of nanoparticle-based coatings in corrosion management were highlighted by this research, which provided specialized solutions for various substrates and operating environments. Furthermore, studies on the stability and durability of nanocoatingson metals have shown that there are viable ways to extend their useful life over time, such as the use of coatings that are nanolaminated and the active release of corrosion inhibitors. In addition to closing important information gaps, this review offered guidance for the future production of reliable and durable corrosion protection devices.
Keywords: Corrosion prevention, Nano coatings, Corrosion resistance, Environmental conditions, Long-term stability, Nanoparticle dispersion
Kontrola korozije u metalima: pregled održivog pristupa korišćenjem nanotehnologije
Izvod
Ova studija se odnosi na pregled prethodnih studija koje su koristile nanotehnologiju da inhibiraju koroziju metala/legura u jednom delu. Drugo razmatranje je ispitalo dugoročnu stabilnost i izdržljivost primenjene nanotehnologije za kontrolu korozije u različitim uslovima životne sredine, kao i optimizaciju disperzije nanočestica i integraciju za optimalnu efikasnost – dve ključne, ali ponekad zanemarene karakteristike nano premaza za prevenciju korozije. Iako je bilo određenog napretka u sprečavanju korozije, konzistentna disperzija nanočestica i dugoročna efikasnost i dalje su bili nedostižni sa nano premazima. Ključni nalazi iz pregleda literature za period 2017–2023. ukazuju na sve veći broj istraživanja različitih materijala i tehnika za poboljšanje otpornosti na koroziju, od višeslojnih nanokompozita do superhidrofobnih površina i inovativnih kompozitnih premaza. Svestranost i efikasnost premaza zasnovanih na nanočesticama u upravljanju korozijom je naglašena ovim istraživanjem, koje je obezbedilo specijalizovana rešenja za različite podloge i radna okruženja. Štaviše, studije o stabilnosti i izdržljivosti nanoprevlaka metala su pokazale da postoje održivi načini da se njihov korisni vek produži tokom vremena, kao što je upotreba premaza koji su nanolaminirani i aktivno oslobađanje inhibitora korozije. Pored zatvaranja važnih informacionih praznina, ovaj pregled je ponudio smernice za buduću proizvodnju pouzdanih i izdržljivih uređaja za zaštitu od korozije.
Ključne reči: Prevencija korozije, nano premazi, otpornost na koroziju, uslovi okoline, dugoročna stabilnost, disperzija nanočestica
Mourad Keddam1,*, Zahra Nait Abdellah2
1Laboratoire de Technologie des Matériaux, Faculté de Génie Mécanique et Génie des Procédés, USTHB, B.P. N°32, 16111, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria, 2Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mouloud Mammeri, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1152
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
345 – 351 (2025)
Modelling the formation kinetics of Fe2B layers with a diffusion model using taylor expansion
Abstract
This work aimed to model the growth kinetics of Fe2B layers on the DIN 1.2738 steel by using a novel kinetic approach. The proposed model considered the transient diffusion regime of boron atoms through the surface of treated steel. The distribution of boron atoms across the Fe2B layer was expressed as a Taylor expansion of second order.
Afterwards, the boron activation energy in the Fe2B layers was assessed as equal to 214.48 kJmol-1 in the temperature range 1123-1223 K using the experimental results taken from the literature. Finally the present model has been validated experimentally by using additional boriding condition (1198 K for 4.5 h). The experimental Fe2B layer thickness obtained at 1198 K for 4.5 h aligned with the predicted value provided by the model. Furthermore, the mass gain per unit area resulting from the formation of Fe2B layer was also calculated as a function of processing parameters.
Keywords: Boriding / Iron boride / Kinetics /Diffusion model/ Boron activation energy
Modeliranje kinetike obrazovanja Fe2B slojeva sa difuzijskim modelom korišćenjem tejlorove ekspanzije
Izvod
Ovaj rad je imao za cilj da modelira kinetiku rasta Fe2B slojeva na DIN 1.2738 čeliku korišćenjem novog kinetičkog pristupa. Predloženi model razmatra prelazni režim difuzije atoma bora kroz površinu obrađenog čelika. Raspodela atoma bora u sloju Fe2B izražena je kao Tejlorova ekspanzija drugog reda.
Potom je energija aktivacije bora u slojevima Fe2B procenjena na 214,48 kJmol-1 u temperaturnom opsegu 1123-1223 K korišćenjem eksperimentalnih rezultata preuzetih iz literature. Konačno, sadašnji model je eksperimentalno validiran korišćenjem dodatnih uslova boriranja (1198 K tokom 4,5 h). Eksperimentalna debljina sloja Fe2B dobijena na 1198 K tokom 4,5 h usklađena je sa predviđenom vrednošću koju daje model. Štaviše, povećanje mase po jedinici površine kao rezultat formiranja sloja Fe2B takođe je izračunato kao funkcija parametara obrade.
Ključne reči: Boriding, borid gvožđa, kinetika, difuzioni model, energija aktivacije bora
Deepthi Sadasivan Nair1,2,Jayasudha Santhamma3,
Ananda Kumar Velupillai Madhavan Thampi1,4*
1Postgraduate and Research Department of Physics, Mahatma Gandhi College, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 2Department of Physics, Government College Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 3Department of Physics, HHMSPB NSS College for Women, Neeramankara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, 4Department of Physics, VTMNSS College Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1232
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
352 – 366 (2025)
Dual-mode environmental remediation of toxic dyes through chemo-catalytic and photocatalytic pathways using covellite (CuS) nanosheet clusters
Abstract
Clusters of high-purity Covellite (CuS) nanosheets with remarkable catalytic properties were synthesized by a simple mechanochemical process, which effectively addressed certain pitfalls of traditional solid-state synthesis, including hours-long grinding, the necessity of annealing to remove byproducts, and the hurdles in achieving crystallite sizes below 20 nm. The study of reaction mechanisms revealed the formation of an intermediate [Cu(tu)] Cl. 0.5 H2O, which acted as a self-sacrificial precursor for forming CuS nanosheets. The extensive characterization incorporating XRD with Rietveld refinement, HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, UV-VIS absorption, FTIR, and Raman Spectroscopy confirmed the formation of phase pure hexagonal CuS with stacked sheet-like morphology forming microflowers, with an average crystallite size of 11nm and having an optical band gap of 1.91 eV. Studies on the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO), a major environmental pollutant, using Covellite nanosheets as a dual catalyst had demonstrated remarkable efficiency, achieving 84% degradation in 12 minutes through chemo-catalysis and 89.5% in 40 minutes through photocatalysis. This study suggests ecofriendly and promising dual pathways to eliminate organic dye contamination by employing Covellite(CuS) nanocatalyst.
Keywords: Covellite(CuS), chemo-catalysis, photocatalysis, Methyl Orange (MO), Langmuir-Hinshelwood model
Dvostruki režim životne sredine održavanja toksičnih boja kroz hemo-katalitičke i fotokatalitičke puteve korišćenjem klastera nanolistova covelita (CuS)
Izvod
Klasteri kovelitnih (CuS) nano listova visoke čistoće sa izuzetnim katalitičkim svojstvima sintetizovani su jednostavnim mehanohemijskim procesom, koji je efikasno rešio određene zamke tradicionalne sinteze u čvrstom stanju, uključujući višesatno mlevenje, neophodnost žarenja, da bi se uklonili nusprodukti, i prepreke u postizanju veličina kristalita ispod 20 nm. Proučavanje reakcionih mehanizama otkrilo je formiranje intermedijera [Cu(tu)] Cl. 0,5 H2O, koji je delovao kao samožrtvovani prekursor za formiranje CuS nanolistova. Opsežna karakterizacija koja uključuje XRD sa Rietveld preciziranjem, HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, UV-VIS apsorpciju, FTIR i Ramanovu spektroskopiju potvrdila je formiranje faznog čistog heksagonalnog CuS sa naslaganom morfologijom u obliku listova koji formira mikrocvetove, sa prosečnom veličinom kristalita i 11nm sa optičkim pojasom od 1,91 eV. Studije o degradaciji metil narandže (MO), glavnog zagađivača životne sredine, koristeći Covellite nano ploče kao dvostruki katalizator, pokazale su izuzetnu efikasnost, postižući 84% degradacije za 12 minuta hemo-katalizom i 89,5% za 40 minuta fotokatalizom. Ova studija sugeriše ekološki prihvatljive i obećavajuće dvostruke puteve za eliminisanje kontaminacije organskom bojom upotrebom Covellite (CuS) nanokatalizatora.
Ključne reči: Covellite(CuS), hemo-kataliza, fotokataliza, metilnarandža (MO), Langmuir-Hinshelvood model
Sehrish Nazir1*, Abubakar Gambo Muhammad1
Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor2,Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya3,
Pramod K. Singh1
1Centre for Solar-cells and Renewable Energy (CRE), Department of Physics, SSBSR,ShardaUniversity,GreaterNoida,201310,India, 2Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 3Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1244
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
367 – 374 (2025)
Polyether based electrolyte for energy application
Abstract
Electrolytes are the most significant parts or element of energy storage devices. Polymer electrolytes are known for their wide range of application but, the main problem with polymer electrolytes is their low ionic conductivity. This has attracted the researchers to developed different approaches to increase the ionic conductivity of polymers. Preparation of polymer matrix using solution casting techniques was explained. This review, report the various approaches as well as the result obtained by different studies using polyether-based electrolyte which include Polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polyethylene oxide/Polyethylene glycol (PEO/PEG), Polyphenylene oxide(PPO), Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate (PEDGA), Polytetramethylene Ether Glycol (PTMEG) etc. by adding different quantity of various salts as a dopant. From the reviewed work, there is significant development of the ionic conductivity reported by different researchers this clearly shows a promising wide application in energy storage devices such as supercapacitor, batteries, fuel cells etc.
Keywords: polymer electrolytes, polyether, supercapacitor, ionic conductivity
Elektrolit na bazi polietra za energetiku
Izvod
Elektroliti su najznačajniji delovi ili element uređaja za skladištenje energije. Polimerni elektroliti su poznati po širokom spektru primene, ali glavni problem sa polimernim elektrolitima je njihova niska jonska provodljivost. Ovo je privuklo istraživače da razviju različite pristupe za povećanje jonske provodljivosti polimera. Objašnjena je priprema polimerne matrice primenom tehnika livenja rastvora. Ovaj pregled prikazuje različSite pristupe kao i rezultate dobijene različitim studijama korišćenjem elektrolita na bazi polietra koji uključuju polietilen oksid (PEO), polietilen oksid/polietilen glikol (PEO/PEG), polifenilen oksid (PPO), polietilen glikol dijakrilat ( PEDGA), politetrametilen etar glikol (PTMEG) itd. dodavanjem različite količine različitih soli kao dopanta. Iz pregledanog rada, postoji značajan razvoj jonske provodljivosti koji su prijavili različiti istraživači, što jasno pokazuje obećavajuću široku primenu u uređajima za skladištenje energije kao što su superkondenzatori, baterije, gorivne ćelije itd.
Ključne reči: polimerni elektroliti, polietar, superkondenzator, jonska provodljivost
Olga Boiprav1*, Vadim Bogush1, Tatiana Zubar2
1Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Information Protection Department, P. Brovki str., 6, 220013, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, 2Scientific-Practical Materials Research Centre of NAS of Belarus, Laboratory of Magnetic Films Physics, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1248
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
375 – 382 (2025)
Multilayer microwave absorbers with an ordered structured layer based on powdered activated charcoal containing magnetic particles
Abstract
The technique of manufacturing four-layer microwave absorbers with an ordered structured layer is presented. This technology consists of heat pressing of a structure in the form of two fragments of synthetic non-woven fibrous material (the first and third layers), between which elements formed from powdered activated charcoal impregnated with a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and finely dispersed magnetic material (the second layer) are orderedly distributed, and then fixing a fragment of an aluminum-containing foiled polymer film (the fourth layer) on the surface of the third layer. It was found that the width of the effective absorption band of the absorbers manufactured accordingto the presented technique is 13.2 GHz and exceeds the width of the effective absorption band of their analogs by 4.7–11.2 GHz. Electromagnetic radiation absorption coefficient values of such absorbers are from 0.5 rel. units to 0.92 rel. units.
Keywords: Charcoal,isopropyl alcohol,microwave absorber,iron (III) oxide, titanomagnetite.
Višeslojni mikrotalasni apsorberi sa uređenim strukturiranim slojem na bazi aktivnog uglja u prahu koji sadrži magnetne čestice
Izvod
Prikazana je tehnika izrade četvoroslojnih mikrotalasnih apsorbera sa uređenim strukturiranim slojem. Ova tehnologija se sastoji od toplotnog presovanja konstrukcije u vidu dva fragmenta sintetičkog netkanog vlaknastog materijala (prvi i treći sloj), između kojih se raspoređeni elementi formirani od praškastog aktivnog uglja impregniranog mešavinom izopropil alkohola i fino dispergovanog magnetnog materijala (drugi sloj), a zatim fiksiranje fragmenta od četiri sloja folije (4. površine trećeg sloja. Utvrđeno je da širina efektivnog apsorpcionog opsega apsorbera proizvedenih prema predstavljenoj tehnici iznosi 13,2 GHz i da premašuje širinu efektivnog opsega apsorpcije njihovih analoga za 4,7–11,2 GHz. Vrednosti koeficijenta apsorpcije elektromagnetnog zračenja ovakvih apsorbera su od 0,5 rel. jedinica do 0,92 rel. jedinice.
Ključne reči: ugalj, izopropil alkohol, mikrotalasni apsorber, gvožđe (III) oksid, titanomagnetit.
Nilavan Anitha1, Anga Muthu Uma Maheswari2, Mohamed Ibrahim Nasrin Sahana1, Dawood Sahana1,Govindan Suba Sri1, Sulaimon Arif Juvairiya Fathima1, Kumaran Narmatha1,
Arjunan Krishnaveni3, Rajendran Dorothy4,Susai Rajendran1,5,*
1Corrosion Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women , Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal),Tamil Nadu, India, 2Department of Chemistry, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India, 3PG Department of Chemistry, Yadava College, Natham Road, Tiruppalai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,4Department of ECE, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, Samayapuram,Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India, 5Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Chinna Kalapet, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1303
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
383 – 392 (2025)
Electrochemical impedance spectral study on the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti alloy immersed is artificial saliva in the presence of beer an alcoholic drink
Abstract
To regulate the growth of teeth, Dentists make use of orthodontic wires such as SS 316 L, Ni-Cr etc., These wires undergo corrosion in the saliva environment. Apart from this, they undergo corrosion by the food items, juices and Tablets orally in taken by the people. Corrosion resistance of Ni-Ti alloy in artificial saliva (AS) , in the absence and presence of beer, an alcoholic drink made from yeast-fermented malt flavoured with hops, has been investigated by polarization study. It is inferred that corrosion resistance of Ni-Ti alloy in artificial saliva increases in the presence of beer. This is revealed by the facts that when Ni-Ti alloy is immersed in artificial saliva in the presence of beer charge transfer resistance increases, impedance value increases, phase angle increases and double layer capacitance decreases. This is due to the ingredients present in the beer. It implies that people clipped with orthodontic wire made of Ni-Ti alloy need not hesitate to take beer orally. The surface morphology has been evaluated by SEM and contact angle measurement.
Keywords: Corrosion resistance, orthodontic wire, Ni-Ti alloy, artificial saliva, beer, EIS , SEM, contact angle, hydrophobicity
Spektralna studija elektrohemijske impedance otpornosti na koroziju ortodontske žice od legure Ni-Ti uronjena je veštačka pljuvačka u prisustvu piva i alkoholnog pića
Izvod
Da bi regulisali rast zuba, stomatolozi koriste ortodontske žice kao što su SS 316 L, Ni-Cr itd., Ove žice podležu koroziji u okruženju pljuvačke. Osim toga, oni su podvrgnuti koroziji od hrane, sokova i tableta koje ljudi uzimaju oralno. Otpornost na koroziju legure Ni-Ti u veštačkoj pljuvački (AS), u odsustvu i prisustvu piva, alkoholnog pića od slada fermentisanog kvascem aromatizovanog hmeljem, ispitana je polarizacionom studijom. Zaključuje se da se otpornost legure Ni-Ti na koroziju u veštačkoj pljuvački povećava u prisustvu piva. Ovo otkriva činjenica da kada se legura Ni-Ti uroni u veštačku pljuvačku u prisustvu piva, otpor prenosa naelektrisanja raste, vrednost impedanse raste, fazni ugao raste i kapacitivnost dvostrukog sloja opada. To je zbog sastojaka prisutnih u pivu. To implicira da ljudi ošišani ortodontskom žicom od legure Ni-Ti ne moraju oklevati da piju pivo oralno. Morfologija površine je procenjena SEM i merenjem kontaktnog ugla.
Ključne reči: Otpornost na koroziju, ortodontska žica, Ni-Ti legura, veštačka pljuvačka, pivo, EIS, SEM, kontaktni ugao, hidrofobnost
Karthikeyan Ganesan*, Muruganantham Ramasanjeevi, Manicka Mamallan Andavar, Ragavan Veeraiah, Kalaimani Ramakrishnan
Department of Civil Engineering, Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1250
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
393 – 400 (2025)
Experimental study on flexural behaviour of textile reinforced concrete
Abstract
Alkali-Resistant (AR) glass mesh fiber reinforced concrete emerges as a promising alternative in modern construction, offering enhanced durability, flexibility, and structural integrity. This paper provides experimental investigation and benefits of AR glass mesh fiber reinforced concrete in construction. It explores the properties, and performance characteristics of AR glass mesh fibers, highlighting their alkali-resistant nature and compatibility with concrete matrices. This experimental work utilizes a 145 gsm (grams squared per meter) alkali-resistant (AR) glass fiber textile mesh. Flexural strength and compressive strength findings demonstrating the practical application and effectiveness of AR glass mesh fiber reinforced concrete in various construction projects are presented. Finally, future directions and opportunities for further research and development in this field are identified, aiming to promote the widespread adoption of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) as a sustainable and high-performance construction material. This paper aims to analyze the flexural behavior of concrete specimens reinforced with textile fiber, evaluating their structural performance, durability, and environmental impact. For flexural strength of TRC, it is found that 2 layers of AR glass mesh attains more strength compared to the single layer AR glass mesh fiber. The structural enhancements provided by AR glass mesh fiber reinforcement in concrete are discussed, including improved crack control, flexural strength, and durability in harsh environments.
Keywords: Textile Reinforced Concrete, AR Glass fiber, Compressive Strength and Flexural strength
Eksperimentalno istraživanje savojnog ponašanja tekstilno armiranog betona
Izvod
Beton ojačan staklenim vlaknima otpornim na alkalije (AR) pojavljuje se kao obećavajuća alternativa u modernoj konstrukciji, nudeći povećanu izdržljivost, fleksibilnost i strukturalni integritet. Ovaj rad daje eksperimentalno istraživanje i prednosti betona armiranog staklenim vlaknima AR u građevinarstvu. Istražuje svojstva i karakteristike performansi AR staklenih mrežastih vlakana, naglašavajući njihovu prirodu otpornu na alkalije i kompatibilnost sa betonskim matricama. Ovaj eksperimentalni rad koristi tekstilnu mrežu od staklenih vlakana od 145 gsm (grama na kvadrat po metru) otpornu na alkalije (AR). Prikazani su rezultati čvrstoće na savijanje i tlačne čvrstoće koji pokazuju praktičnu primenu i efikasnost betona armiranog staklenim vlaknima AR u različitim građevinskim projektima. Konačno, identifikovani su budući pravci i mogućnosti za dalje istraživanje i razvoj u ovoj oblasti, sa ciljem da se promoviše široko usvajanje tekstilno armiranog betona (TRC) kao održivog građevinskog materijala visokih performansi. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da analizira savijanje betonskih uzoraka ojačanih tekstilnim vlaknima, procenjujući njihove strukturne performanse, trajnost i uticaj na životnu sredinu. Za čvrstoću na savijanje TRC-a, utvrđeno je da 2 sloja AR staklene mreže postižu veću čvrstoću u poređenju sa jednoslojnim AR staklenim vlaknom. Razmatraju se strukturna poboljšanja koja obezbeđuje armiranje staklenim vlaknima AR u betonu, uključujući poboljšanu kontrolu pukotina, čvrstoću na savijanje i izdržljivost u teškim uslovima.
Ključne reči: tekstilni armirani beton, AR staklena vlakna, čvrstoća na pritisak, čvrstoća na savijanje
Jovana Mitrović1,2, Zoran Obrenović1,2,
Mladen Janković1*, Vladimir Damjanović1,
Aleksandar Došić2, Milomirka Obrenović2
1Alumina doo, Zvornik, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Technology Zvornik, Zvornik, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1249
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
401 – 411 (2025)
Influence of process parameters in ion exchange on the properties of the obtained 5A zeolite powder
Abstract
Zeolite5A is indeed highly regarded in the field of adsorption among zeolites, which makes it valuable for various commercial applications. It is most commonly obtained from 4Azeolite, where Na+ ions in the crystal lattice of 4A zeoliteare replaced with Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions. This ion exchange process frees upmore space within the crystal pores, increases pore openings and enhances the adsorption capacity of the zeolite. From an industrial andcommercial production perspective, it is crucial to define the optimal process parameters for the production of 5A zeolite. This study examined the effects of theion exchange temperature, duration of ion exchange, and concentration of active components in the system on the characteristics of the obtained5A zeolite powder. The ion exchange was carried out using asolution of MgCl2×6H2O, resulting inthe Mg2+form of5Azeolite,i.e. Na, Mg-A zeolite. The powders obtained after ion exchange were analyzed for their chemical composition and water adsorption capacity. In addition, the samples were further characterized through granulometry and particle size distribution analysis, X-ray diffraction, as well as SEM and FT-IR analysis.The results indicate dependencies between the process parameters of the system, the percentage of exchanged ions, crystallinity, and the adsorption properties of the material, which enables the determiningof the optimal conditions for 5A zeolite production.
Keywords: 5A, adsorption, ion exchange, process parameters, zeolite
Uticaj procesnih parametara jonske izmjene na osobine dobijenih prahova 5a zeolita
Izvod
Zeolit 5A predstavlja jedan od najboljih adsorbenata među zeolitima što ga čini veoma interesantim proizvodom sa komercijalne strane. Najčešće se dobija iz 4A zeolita, tako što se Na+ joni prisutni unutar kristalne rešetke 4A zeolita izmenjuju sa jonima Ca2+ ili Mg2+, pri čemu se oslobađa više prostora unutar pora kristala, povećava otvor pora i raste adsorpcioni kapacitet zeolita. Sa stanovišta industrijske, odnosno komercijalne proizvodnje 5A zeolita, vrlo je bitno definisati optimalne procesne parametre. Stoga je u ovom radu ispitan uticaj temperature jonske izmene, trajanja jonske izmene i koncentracije aktivnih komponenti u sistemu na karakteristike dobijenog praha 5A zeolita. Jonska izmena je izvođena iz rastvora MgCl2 · 6H2O, tako da je nastala Mg2+ forma 5A zeolita, odnosno Na,Mg-A zeolit. Prahovi dobijeni nakon jonske izmene su analizirani u pogledu hemijskog sastava i kapaciteta adsorpcije vode. Pored toga urađena je dodatna karakterizacija uzoraka: određivanje granulometrije i raspodele veličine čestica, difrakcija X-zraka, te SEM i FT-IR analize. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na zavisnosti između procesnih parametara sistema, procenta izmenjenih jona, kristaličnosti i adsorpcionih osobina materijala omogućavajući odabir optimalnih uslova proizvodnje 5A zeolita.
Ključne reči: 5A, adsorpcija, jonska izmena, procesni parametri, zeolit
Abdlmanam S. A. Elmaryami1*,Abdullah Abraheem Abdullah1, Miftah Ali Mohammed1, Rahel G. Rahel1, Abdul Hamid Omran Saleh2, Salah Mohamed Sallab2,Garret Archit2
1The Bright Star University [BSU], El-Brega, Libya,
2The Corrosion Protection Department at Sirte Oil and Gas
Production and Manufacturing Company
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1236
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
412 – 420 (2025)
An evaluation of wood ashes as an eco-friendly environmentally corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in acidic solution at different temperatures
Abstract
Corrosion is an unavoidable fact in everyday life but always receive attention to control due to its technical, economical, and esthetical importance. Carbon steel (CS) is the most commonly used material for equipment and pipes in the oil production processes. However, presence of water/salts and carbon dioxide, among other gases, in the oil is a serious problem due to increased corrosion rate of the material. The most common way of mitigating this problem is by using corrosion inhibitors. However, many common corrosion inhibitors that are in use today are health hazards. Corrosion inhibitors are one of the most widely used and economically viable methods protecting metals and alloys against corrosion. In this work the inhibitory effect of wood ash (olive and palm) on mild carbon steel was studied in a solution of 0.00001 M or pH around 5 of hydrochloric acid.The corrosion rate and inhibitor efficiency were calculated by conducting the inhibition efficiency test for 10% aqueous wood ash solutions for both (olive and palm) using (weight loss method).The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild carbon steel was studied at 0.00001 M and pH = 5 hydrochloride with the addition of 10% aqueous wood ash solutions (olive and palm) in the temperature range 25-50 degrees Celsius.An inhibition efficiency of up to 54.16 % for Palm Ash Solution and 48.18 % for Olive Ash Solution can be obtained.
The interaction between the corrosion rate of mild steel and the inhibitor is affected by temperature and the protection mechanism of wood ash solution is more efficient at higher temperatures. This is due to corrosion of the metal or damage that occurs on its surface due to high temperatures. It occurs at non-adsorbed sites of inhibitory elements. As for the adsorbed sites, the interaction between the active substance of the inhibitor and the surface occurs gradually with increasing temperatures, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of the inhibitor.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibitors; carbon steel; palm ash; olive ash; hydrochloric acid;inhibition efficiency
Procena pepela od drveta kao ekološki prihvatljivog inhibitora korozije za životnu sredinu za čelik sa niskim sadržajem ugljenika u kiselom rastvoru na različitim temperaturama
Izvod
Korozija je nezaobilazna činjenica u svakodnevnom životu, ali se uvek vodi računa o kontroli zbog njenog tehničkog, ekonomskog i estetskog značaja. Ugljenični čelik (CS) je najčešće korišćeni materijal za opremu i cevi u procesima proizvodnje nafte. Međutim, prisustvo vode/soli i ugljen-dioksida, između ostalih gasova, u ulju predstavlja ozbiljan problem zbog povećane stope korozije materijala. Najčešći način za ublažavanje ovog problema je korišćenje inhibitora korozije. Međutim, mnogi uobičajeni inhibitori korozije koji su danas u upotrebi predstavljaju opasnost po zdravlje. Inhibitori korozije su jedna od najčešće korišćenih i ekonomski isplativih metoda zaštite metala i legura od korozije. U ovom radu proučavan je inhibitorni efekat drvenog pepela (masline i palme) na blagi ugljenični čelik u rastvoru 0,00001 M ili pH oko 5 hlorovodonične kiseline.Brzina korozije i efikasnost inhibitora su izračunati sprovođenjem testa efikasnosti inhibicije za 10% vodenih rastvora drvenog pepela za oba (maslina i palma) primenom (metoda gubitka težine).Uticaj temperature na koroziono ponašanje blagog ugljeničnog čelika proučavan je pri 0,00001 M i pH = 5 hidrohlorida uz dodatak 10% vodenih rastvora drvenog pepela (masline i palminog) u temperaturnom opsegu 25-50 stepeni Celzijusa.Može se postići efikasnost inhibicije do 54,16 % za rastvor palminog pepela i 48,18 % za rastvor maslinovog pepela.
Na interakciju između brzine korozije mekog čelika i inhibitora utiče temperatura i zaštitni mehanizam rastvora drvenog pepela je efikasniji na višim temperaturama. To je zbog korozije metala ili oštećenja koja se javljaju na njegovoj površini usled visokih temperatura. Javlja se na neadsorbovanim mestima inhibitornih elemenata. Što se tiče adsorbovanih mesta, interakcija između aktivne supstance inhibitora i površine se odvija postepeno sa povećanjem temperature, što dovodi do povećanja efikasnosti inhibitora.
Ključne reči: Inhibitori korozije; ugljenični čelik; palm ash; olive ash; hlorovodonična kiselina; efikasnost inhibicije.
Haydar Hassan1*, Ahmed Ouda1, Malik Abdul-Husien1,2
1Metallurgical Engineering, Materials Engineering College, University
of Babylon, Iraq, 2Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University(ATU),Iraq
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1243
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
421 – 428 (2025)
Effect of (Ge) addition on mechanical properties of (Ti12Mo5Ta) alloy used in biomedical applications
Abstract
The primary objective of this investigation is to examine the impact of adding (Ge) to the Ti12Mo5Ta alloy on its compressive strength, hardness, and elastic modulus. A Ti-Mo-Ta alloy with an 83% Ti, 12% Mo, and 5% Ta composition was synthesized by powder metallurgy, with the inclusion of Ge. The mixing procedure lasted for a duration of 5 hours, with a compacting pressure of 800MPa applied to create a disk sample. After the compaction step, the samples were sintered by gradually increasing the temperature to 950 ºC at a rate of 10 ˚C/min, which took a total of 7 hours. The addition of (Ge) is done in different weight percentages, ranging from 0.5% to 5%.The impact of (Ge) was examined using X-ray diffraction. The addition of 0.5% to 5% (Ge) enhances the compressive strength of the Ti12Mo5Ta alloy. Similarly, the macro hardness of the alloy increases with higher Ge content.Conversely the inclusion of 0.5% to 5% (Ge) causes a decrease in the elastic modulus of the Ti12Mo5Ta alloy.
Keywords: biomaterials, Compressive Strength, Macro hardness, Elastic Modules, orthopedics.
Uticaj dodavanja (Ge) na mehanička svojstva legure (Ti12Mo5Ta) koja se koristi u biomedicinskim aplikacijama
Izvod
Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja je da se ispita uticaj dodavanja (Ge) leguri Ti12Mo5Ta na njenu čvrstoću na pritisak, tvrdoću i modul elastičnosti. Ti-Mo-Ta legura sa sastavom 83% Ti, 12% Mo i 5% Ta je sintetizovana metalurgijom praha, uz uključivanje Ge. Procedura mešanja je trajala 5 sati, uz pritisak sabijanja od 800 MPa da bi se napravio uzorak diska. Nakon koraka sabijanja, uzorci su sinterovani postepenim povećanjem temperature na 950 ºC brzinom od 10 ˚C/min, što je ukupno trajalo 7 sati. Dodatak (Ge) se vrši u različitim težinskim procentima, u rasponu od 0,5% do 5%. Uticaj (Ge) je ispitan korišćenjem rendgenske difrakcije. Dodatak od 0,5% do 5% (Ge) povećava čvrstoću na pritisak legure Ti12Mo5Ta. Slično tome, makro tvrdoća legure raste sa većim sadržajem Ge. Suprotno tome, uključivanje od 0,5% do 5% (Ge) uzrokuje smanjenje modula elastičnosti legure Ti12Mo5Ta.
Ključne reči: biomaterijali, čvrstoća na pritisak, makro tvrdoća, elastični moduli, ortopedija
Rosaline Vimala Joseph Devaraj*, Vimala Sivasangu,
Nivetha Sundharaj, Devadharshini Amala Anbanantham, Stella Bharathy Moses, Agila Aranganathan
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College, Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1219
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
429 – 439 (2025)
Adhutodavasica nees leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid medium
Abstract
Sustainable corrosion control methods have emerged due to stringent environmental laws and growing ecological awareness. This study explores the inhibition efficiency of AdhatodavasicaNees ethanolic leaf extract on mild steel corrosion in HCl. Using data from mass-loss methods, potentiodynamic polarization, AC impedance, UV-visible spectra, FTIR, and SEM analyses, the corrosion inhibition mechanism was evaluated.The extract achieved a maximum inhibition efficiency of 79.72% at 95 ppm, with no significant improvement beyond this concentration. The adsorption activation energy was 36.6275 kJ/mol. A shift in corrosion potential (Ecorr) to less negative values and a decrease in cathodic slope indicated predominant control of the cathodic reaction, acting as a cathodic inhibitor. The double layer capacitance (Cdl) also decreased, suggesting efficient inhibition. UV-visible spectra indicated the formation of a protective film, while FTIR and SEM reports confirmed the adsorption of active compounds on the metal surface. The extract shows potential as an effective, eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCl.
Keywords: Adhutodavasica Nees, potentiodynamic polarisation, AC impedance spectrum, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM
Ekstrakt lista adhutodavasica nees kao inhibitor korozije za meki čelik u kiseloj sredini
Izvod
Održive metode kontrole korozije pojavile su se zbog strogih zakona o zaštiti životne sredine i rastuće ekološke svesti. Ova studija istražuje efikasnost inhibicije etanolnog ekstrakta lista AdhatodavasicaNees na koroziju mekog čelika u HCl. Koristeći podatke iz metoda gubitka mase, potenciodinamičke polarizacije, AC impedanse, UV-vidljivih spektara, FTIR i SEM analiza, procenjen je mehanizam inhibicije korozije. Ekstrakt je postigao maksimalnu efikasnost inhibicije od 79,72% na 95 ppm, bez značajnog poboljšanja izvan ove koncentracije. Energija aktivacije adsorpcije bila je 36,6275 kJ/mol. Pomeranje potencijala korozije (Ecorr) ka manje negativnim vrednostima i smanjenje katodnog nagiba ukazivali su na pretežnu kontrolu katodne reakcije, delujući kao katodni inhibitor. Kapacitivnost dvoslojnog sloja (Cdl) se takođe smanjila, što ukazuje na efikasnu inhibiciju. UV-vidljivi spektri ukazivali su na formiranje zaštitnog filma, dok su FTIR i SEM izveštaji potvrdili adsorpciju aktivnih jedinjenja na površini metala. Ekstrakt pokazuje potencijal kao efikasan, ekološki prihvatljiv inhibitor korozije za meki čelik u HCl.
Ključne reči: Adhutodavasica Nees, potenciodinamička polarizacija, AC impedansni spektar, FTIR spektroskopija, SEM
Vigneshkumar Alagarsamy1*, Clementz Edwardraj Freeda Christy1, Muthukannan Muthiah2, Ubagaram Johnson Alengaram3
1Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Department of Civil Engineering, KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 3Centre for Innovative Construction Technology (CICT), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1258
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Zastita Materijala 66 (2)
440 – 450 (2025)
Investigation of superplasticizer influence on rheological and strength properties of self-compacting geopolymer concrete
Abstract
Self-compacting concrete actsas a crucialpositionin the concrete industry due to the increasing need for fast infrastructure development for the growing population. However, traditional concrete requires a large amount of cement, which leads to CO2 emissions in the production stage. Therefore, a new and innovative self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) eliminates cement usage in concrete production and meets self-compacting characteristics such as flowability, passing ability and filling ability with hardened properties. However, self-compacting behaviors are influenced by superplasticizers (SP) dosage, which has significance in improving the workability of SCGC. The four SCGC mixes were prepared at a 2% interval of SP (0 to 6%) with fly ash 450 kg/m3, and the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH mixture (1:2.5). The alkali solution to binder ratio was 0.45 with additional water (54 kg/m3).The effect of SP dosage on workabilitybehaviors and mechanical strength was investigated in SCGC mixes.The study resultsshow that the 2% SP dosage was optimized at 12 molarity of NaOH onrheological and strength properties. Hence, it is recommended that the SP dosage in SCGC be optimized at 2%.
Keywords: Self-consolidating geopolymer concrete, Coal fly ash, Superplasticizers, MasterGelniumSKY8233.
Uticaj alkalnih veziva na obradljivost i čvrstoću samozbijajućeg geopolimer betona
Izvod
Samozbijajući beton ima ključnu poziciju u industriji betona zbog sve veće potrebe za brzim razvojem infrastrukture za rastuću populaciju. Međutim, tradicionalni beton zahteva veliku količinu cementa, što dovodi do emisije CO2 u fazi proizvodnje. Stoga, novi i inovativni samozbijajući geopolimer beton (SCGC) eliminiše upotrebu cementa u proizvodnji betona i zadovoljava karakteristike samozbijanja kao što su tečnost, sposobnost prolaska i sposobnost punjenja sa očvrsnutim svojstvima. Međutim, na ponašanje samozbijanja utiče doza superplastifikatora (SP), koja ima značaj u poboljšanju obradivosti SCGC. Četiri SCGC mešavine su pripremljene u intervalu SP od 2% (0 do 6%) sa letećim pepelom 450 kg/m3 i odnosom smeše Na2SiO3 prema NaOH (1:2,5). Odnos alkalnog rastvora i veziva bio je 0,45 sa dodatnom količinom vode (54 kg/m3). Uticaj doze SP na obradivost i mehaničku čvrstoću ispitan je u SCGC mešavinama. Rezultati studije pokazuju da je doza SP od 2% optimizovana pri 12 molarnosti NaOH. na reološka i čvrstoća svojstva. Stoga se preporučuje da se SP doza u SCGC optimizuje na 2%.
Ključne reči: samoučvršćujući geopolimer beton, ugljeni pepeo, superplastifikatori, Master Gelnium SKI 8233.





