
Subrata Das1, Kaliappand Prathasana1, Pathipalayam Arumugam Nitin1, Krishnan Ramamoorthi Lakshimi Jaya Priya1, Vemban Mathivanan2
1Departmentof Fashion Technology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India; 2 Ordnance Clothing Factory, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, Avadi, Chennai, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1202
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
5 – 14 (2025)
Protection from Ballistic Threats: An Exploration of Textile Materials for Bullet-Resistant Outerwear
Abstract
Bullet-resistant jackets are one of the innovations that demonstrate how textile engineering and technology can work together to protect people from ballistic threats. To improve the protective qualities of bulletproof jackets, it is imperative to comprehend the wide variety of textile materials that are used in them. This study aims to clarify the complex interplay between protection, flexibility, and comfort that is inherent in these kinds of clothes by a thorough analysis of a variety of fibers, fabricsand composites, each offering unique characteristics that contribute to the overall effectiveness of these types of garments. Important factors were determined to take into account when choosing the best material based on particular needs like flexibility, comfort, weight, and degree of protection through careful analysis and comparison. This exploration shall provide valuable insights for researchers, manufacturers, and consumers alike, fostering advancements in protective garment design and promoting informed decision-makingin the realm of personal safety.
Keywords: Bullet-resistantjacket, protectivegarment, degree of protection,flexibility,comfort, safety
Zaštita od balističkihpretnji: istraživanjetekstilnih materijalaza gornju odećuotpornu na metke
Izvod
Jakne otpornena metke su jedna odinovacija koje pokazuju kako tekstilniinženjeringi tehnologi- ja mogu da rade zajedno da zaštite ljude od balističkih pretnji. Da bi se poboljšali zaštitni kvaliteti neprobojnih jakni, neophodno je razumeti širok spektar tekstilnih materijala koji se koriste u njima. Ova studija ima za cilj da razjasni složenu interakciju između zaštite, fleksibilnosti i udobnosti koja je svojstvena ovim vrstama odeće krozdetaljnu analizu različitihvlakana,tkaninaikompozita, odkojih svaki nudi jedinstvene karakteristike koje doprinose ukupnoj efikasnosti ovih vrsta odeće. odevnih predmeta. Određeni su važni faktori koje trebauzeti u obzir pri izboru najboljegmaterijala naosno- vuposebnih potreba kao što su fleksibilnost, udobnost, težinaistepen zaštitekroz pažljivu analizui poređenje. Ovo istraživanje će pružiti vredne uvide istraživačima, proizvođačima i potrošačima, podstičući napredak u dizajnu zaštitneodeće i promovišući informisano donošenje odluka u oblasti ličnebezbednosti.
Ključne reči: jakna otporna na metke, zaštitna odeća, stepen zaštite, fleksibilnost, udobnost, bezbednost
Guadalupe Canosa1*, Carlos A. Giudice2, Paula V. Alfieri3
1,2,3Facultad Regional La Plata, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional 60y 124, (1923) Berisso, Argentina
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1167
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
15 – 21 (2025)
Antifungal Coating for Wood Protection
Abstract
Antifungal hydro-repellent coatings were formulated for Pinus ponderosa panels’ protection. The fomulated coatings were based on a hydroxylated acrylic resin chemically modified with n-octyltrieth-oxysilane (R8), n-octadecyltriethoxysilane (R18), and some mixtures of them as hybrid film-forming material. Diatomaceous silica was used as a pigment. The share of silane was 20% higher than the stoichiometric ratio to allow its interaction with cellulose hydroxyl groups (-OH). Results indicated that the best antifungal efficiency was reached with coating formulated with 70R8/30R18 ratio due to the chemical reaction of cellulose hydroxyl groups (causing its blocking) and the physical barrier created by the degree of compaction of the film itself. Moreover, Biodeterioration of the film caused by the specific fungi was not observed, whit confirms the durability effect of the treatment. The protectionmechanismis relatedto the water repellency and the blockingof the substrate.
Keywords: Antifungal coating, Wood, Chemically modified acrylic resin, Silane, Water repellence, Decay resistance
Antifugalni lak za zaštitu drveta
Izvod
Antifungalni hidro-repelentni premazi su formulisani za zaštitu panela Pinus ponderosa. Formulisani premazi su zasnovani na hidroksilovanoj akrilnoj smoli hemijski modifikovanoj sa n-oktiltrietoksisilanom (R8), n-oktadeciltrietoksisilanom (R18) i nekim njihovim smešama kao hibridnim materijalom za formiranje filma. Kao pigment je korišćen dijatomejski silicijum. Udeo silana je bio 20% veći od stehiometrijskog odnosa da bi se omogućila njegova interakcija sa hidroksilnim grupama celuloze (-OH). Rezultati su pokazali da je najbolja antifungalna efikasnost postignuta sa premazom formulisanim u odnosu 70R8/30R18 usled hemijske reakcije celuloznih hidroksilnih grupa (koje izaziva njeno blokiranje) i fizičke barijere stvorene stepenom zbijenosti samog filma. Takođe, nije primećeno bio-propadanje filma izazvano specifičnim gljivama, što potvrđuje efekat dugotrajnosti tretmana. Mehanizam zaštite je vezan za vodoodbojnost i blokiranje podloge.
Ključne reči: premaz protiv gljivica, drvo, hemijski modifikovana akrilna smola, silan, vodoodbo-
jnost, otpornost na propadanje
Mena Khaleel Tweek1, , Shaymaa Abbas Abdulsada2
1,2Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1105
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
22 – 29 (2025)
Synergistic effect of inhibitors on Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures According to ACI Standards
Asbtract
The application of low-cost, low-toxic corrosion inhibitors lowers the rate of corrosion of reinforced concrete in a salt-aqueous medium. The purpose of this work is to compare an innovative, supposedly environmentally benign inhibitor derived from fruit waste (pomegranate peels extract (PPE)) with sodium benzoate, an organic inhibitor. The inhibitors were introduced to the concrete mixture at quantities of two and four percent by weight of cement according to ACI standards. The maximum extraction yield in terms of entire phenolic content was obtained by using an aqueous solvent and the Soxlet technique. The efficiency of corrosion inhibitors in preventing corrosion was investigated using compressive strength and optical microscopy methods. PPE forms an organic layer made up of several components in a variety of salt environments, providing both a chemical antioxidant activity and a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor, most likely due to the polyphenol concentrations.
Keywords: Green inhibitor, Sodium benzoate, Reinforced concrete, Compressive strength, Optical
microscopy.
Sinergistički efekat inhibitora na koroziju armiranobetonskih konstrukcija prema aci standardima
Izvod
Primena jeftinih, niskotoksičnih inhibitora korozije smanjuje stopu korozije armiranog betona u medijumu sa slanom vodom. Svrha ovog rada je da se uporedi inovativni, navodno ekološki benigni inhibitor dobijen iz voćnog otpada (ekstrakt kore nara (PPE)) sa natrijum benzoatom, organskim inhibitorom. Inhibitori su uvedeni u betonsku mešavinu u količinama od dva i četiri procenta mase cementa prema ACI standardima. Maksimalni prinos ekstrakcije u pogledu celokupnog sadržaja fenola dobijen je korišćenjem vodenog rastvarača i Soklet tehnikom. Efikasnost inhibitora korozije u sprečavanju korozije je ispitivana primenom metoda čvrstoće na pritisak i optičke mikroskopije. LZO formira organski sloj sastavljen od nekoliko komponenti u različitim okruženjima soli, obezbeđujući i hemijsku antioksidativnu aktivnost i inhibitor korozije mešovitog tipa, najverovatnije zbog koncentracije polifenola.
Ključne reči: zeleni inhibitor, natrijum benzoat, armirani beton, čvrstoća na pritisak, optička mikroskopija.
Rashmi Kakkar1,2;Dilraj Preet Kaur*1,Seema Raj1
1School of Basic and Applied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, India, 2Department of Physics, Govt. College for Girls, Gurugram,India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1077
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
30–39 (2025)
Investigations of Nanomaterial-Based Membranes for Efficient Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater via Membrane Distillation: A Critical Review
Abstract
The requirement for wastewater treatment is paramount in ensuring environmental sustainability and safeguarding public health. As industrialization and urbanization accelerate, the volume of wastewater generated continues to increase, containing a diverse range of pollutants and contaminants.
Untreated wastewater poses serious threats to ecosystems, water bodies, and human communities, leading to pollution, waterborne diseases, and ecological imbalances. Effective wastewater treatment becomes essential to mitigate these adverse effects by removing or reducing pollutants before discharge into natural water sources. This process helps to preserve water quality, protect aquatic life, and maintain the overall health of ecosystems. Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a promising technology for wastewater treatment, offering an innovative approach to address the challenges associated with conventional treatment methods. In MD, a hydrophobic membrane serves as a selective barrier, allowing water vapor to pass through while preventing the passage of contaminants. This paper offers an extensive overview of the latest advancements in nanotechnology and membrane distillation applied in wastewater treatment. We will delve into different types of nanomaterials that have been used to enhance the properties of MD membranes, such as nanocomposites, nanoparticles, and nanofiber membranes. We also explore the mechanisms by which these nanomaterials improve the separation efficiency, anti-fouling properties, and durability of MD membranes. Additionally, we highlight the potential of hybrid membranes that combine different types of nanomaterials for further improving the performance of MD in wastewater treatment. We
provide examples of recent studies that have investigated the use of hybrid membranes, including carbon nanotube-graphene oxide hybrid membranes, nanocomposite nanofiber membranes, and silver nanoparticle-embedded membranes. We also identify some areas for future research and development, such as the scale-up and commercialization of nanotechnology-based MD systems. In summary, this review paper highlights the potential of nanotechnology to enhance the performance of MD in wastewater treatment, leading to improved water quality and a cleaner environment.
Keywords: Nanocomposite; Nanofibers; Wastewatertreatment; Membrane Distillation
Istraživanja membrana na bazi nanomaterijala za efikasno uklanjanje zagađivača iz otpadnih voda preko membranske destilacije: kritički pregled
Izvod
Zahtevi za tretman otpadnih voda su najvažniji u obezbeđivanju održivosti životne sredine i očuvanju javnog zdravlja. Kako se industrijalizacija i urbanizacija ubrzavaju, količina proizvedene otpadne vode nastavlja da se povećava, koja sadrži raznolik spektar zagađivača. Neprečišćena otpadna voda predstavlja ozbiljnu pretnju ekosistemima, vodnim telima i ljudskim zajednicama, što dovodi do zagađenja, bolesti, koje se prenose vodom, i ekološke neravnoteže. Efikasno prečišćavanje otpadnih voda postaje neophodno za ublažavanje ovih štetnih efekata uklanjanjem ili smanjenjem zagađivača pre ispuštanja u prirodne izvore vode. Ovaj proces pomaže u očuvanju kvaliteta vode, zaštiti vodenog sveta i održavanju opšteg zdravlja ekosistema. Membranska destilacija (MD) se pojavila kao obećavajuća tehnologija za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda, nudeći inovativan pristup za rešavanje izazova povezanih sa konvencionalnim metodama prečišćavanja. U MD, hidrofobna membrana služi kao selektivna barijera, dozvoljavajući vodenoj pari da prođe, dok sprečava prolaz zagađivača. Ovaj rad nudi opširan pregled najnovijih dostignuća u nanotehnologiji i membranskoj destilaciji primenjenoj u tretmanu otpadnih voda. Udubićemo se u različite vrste nanomaterijala koji su korišćeni za poboljšanje svojstava MD membrana, kao što su nanokompoziti, nanočestice i membrane od nanovlakna. Takođe istražujemo mehanizme pomoću kojih ovi nanomaterijali poboljšavaju efikasnost odvajanja, svojstva protiv obraštanja i izdržljivost MD membrana. Pored toga, ističemo potencijal hibridnih membrana koje kombinuju različite vrste nanomaterijala za dalje poboljšanje performansi MD u tretmanu otpadnih voda. Dajemo primere nedavnih studija koje su istraživale upotrebu hibridnih membrana, uključujući hibridne membrane ugljenik nanocevi-grafen oksid, membrane od nanokompozitnih nanovlakna i membrane ugrađene u nanočestice srebra. Takođe identifikujemo neke oblasti za buduća istraživanja i razvoj, kao što je povećanje i komercijalizacija sistema MD zasnovanih na nanotehnologiji. Ukratko, ovaj pregledni rad naglašava potencijal nanotehnologije da poboljša performanse MD u tretmanu otpadnih voda, što dovodi do poboljšanog kvaliteta vode i čistije životne sredine.
Ključne reči: nanokompozit; Nanofibers; Tretman otpadnih voda; Membranska destilacija
Nishant Kumar*1, Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor2, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya3, Satya Prakash1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India; 2Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for AgriculturalSciences, UniversitiPutra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; 3Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1092
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
40–55 (2025)
Botanical Corrosion Inhibitors in Reinforced Concrete: Material Sustainability Assessment and Analysis – A Review
Abstract
Various methodologies have emerged over the past few decades aimed at controlling and mitigating corrosion. A new field has emerged in controlling corrosion through the use of plant-based corrosion inhibitors. The exploration of botanical extracts’ efficacy marks a significant shift in corrosion science, tapping into the potential and utility offered by green plants. This comprehensive study serves as a review encompassing the spectrum of botanical extracts and their applications in diverse contexts concerning reinforced structures. This research critically assesses the correlation between phytochemical compositions, the methodologies employed in solvent extraction, and the adsorption mechanisms pivotal for enhancing the efficacy of plant extracts in corrosion inhibition. The primary objective lies in uncovering the role of inhibitors in safeguarding embedded steel within concrete structures while aiming to curtail corrosion rates. A focal point of this investigation revolves around the transition from employing toxic inhibitors to environmentally friendly botanical extracts for corrosion mitigation. Furthermore, this study accentuates the range of botanical extracts used as corrosion inhibitors shedding light on the specific phytochemical components responsible for driving the corrosion inhibition process. Notably, it expounds upon the future prospects of corrosion inhibitors, outlining the inherent challenges that must be addressed to facilitate their scalability for widespread commercial utilization.
Keywords: Corrosion Inhibitors, performance evaluation, corrosion protection, botanical inhibitors,
concrete deterioration.
Biljni inhibitori korozije u armiranom betonu: procena i analiza održivosti materijala – pregled
Izvod
Tokom proteklih nekoliko decenija pojavile su se različite metodologije koje imaju za cilj kontrolu i ublažavanje korozije. Pojavilo se novo polje u kontroli korozije upotrebom inhibitora korozije na bazi biljaka. Istraživanje efikasnosti botaničkih ekstrakata označava značajan pomak u nauci o koroziji, koristeći potencijal i korisnost zelenih biljaka. Ova sveobuhvatna studija služi kao pregled koji obuhvata spektar botaničkih ekstrakata i njihovu primenu u različitim kontekstima u vezi sa ojačanim strukturama. Ovo istraživanje kritički procenjuje korelaciju između fitohemijskih sastava, metodologija korišćenih u ekstrakciji rastvaračem i mehanizama adsorpcije, koji su ključni za povećanje efikasnosti biljnih ekstrakata u inhibiciji korozije. Primarni cilj leži u otkrivanju uloge inhibitora u zaštiti ugrađenog čelika unutar betonskih konstrukcija sa ciljem smanjenja stope korozije. Fokus ovog istraživanja je oko prelaska sa upotrebe toksičnih inhibitora na ekološki prihvatljive botaničke ekstrakte za ublažavanje korozije. Štaviše, ova studija naglašava niz botaničkih ekstrakata koji se koriste kao inhibitori korozije, bacajući svetlo na specifične fitohemijske komponente odgovorne za pokretanje procesa inhibicije korozije. Naročito, objašnjava buduće izglede inhibitora korozije, naglašavajući inherentne izazove koji se moraju rešiti da bi se olakšala njihova skalabilnost za široku komercijalnu upotrebu.
Ključne reči: Inhibitori korozije, ocena performansi, zaštita od korozije, biljni inhibitori, propadanje
betona.
Rashi Chaudhary1, Nakshatra Bahadur Singh2,
Garima Nagpal3*, Fredrick K Saah3, Amit Kumar Singh4
1Department of Life Science,Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Sharda University, Greater Noida, India, 3Department of Environmental Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India, 4Department of Pharmacy Practice, Galgotia University, Greater Noida
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1256
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
56 – 65 (2025)
Nanomaterials in bacterial detection: current trends and future outlook
Abstract
Contamination by pathogenic bacteria represents a severe risk to public health and well-being. We outlined current approaches to detecting and sensing harmful bacteria by integrating recognition elements with nanomaterials (NMs) in this study. Nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative technology for bacterial detection due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface area, quantum effects, and enhanced reactivity. This review highlights the current trends in the application of various nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, in the detection of bacterial pathogens. These materials enable the development of selective, and rapid detection methods through mechanisms like surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical sensing, and fluorescence. Furthermore, integrating nanomaterials with microfluidic devices and biosensors is discussed, showcasing advancements in point-of-care diagnostics. Challenges such as stability, reproducibility, and potential toxicity of nanomaterials are addressed, alongside regulatory considerations. The future outlook emphasizes the potential of emerging nanomaterials, such as graphene and metal-organic frameworks, to revolutionize bacterial detection. This review aims to enhance the scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of these technologies, paving the way for widespread clinical and environmental applications.
Keywords: Contamination, nanomaterial, nanoprobes, pathogenic bacteria, sensing
Nanomaterijali u detekciji bakterija: trenutni trendovi i budući izgledi
Izvodi
Kontaminacija patogenim bakterijama predstavlja ozbiljan rizik po javno zdravlje i dobrobit. U ovoj studiji izneli smo trenutne pristupe otkrivanju štetnih bakterija integracijom elemenata za prepoznavanje sa nanomaterijalima (NM). Nanomaterijali su se pojavili kao transformativna tehnologija za detekciju bakterija zbog svojih jedinstvenih fizičko-hemijskih svojstava, uključujući veliku površinu, kvantne efekte i poboljšanu reaktivnost. Ovaj pregled naglašava trenutne trendove u primeni različitih nanomaterijala, kao što su nanočestice zlata, ugljenične nanocevi i kvantne tačke, u detekciji bakterijskih patogena. Ovi materijali omogućavaju razvoj selektivnih i brzih metoda detekcije kroz mehanizme kao što su površinska plazmonska rezonanca, elektrohemijski sensing i fluorescencija. Štaviše, raspravlja se o integraciji nanomaterijala sa mikrofluidnim uređajima i biosenzorima, pokazujući napredak u dijagnostici na licu mesta. Izazovi kao što su stabilnost, ponovljivost i potencijalna toksičnost nanomaterijala su adresirani, zajedno sa regulatornim razmatranjima. Izgledi za budućnost naglašavaju potencijal nanomaterijala u nastajanju, kao što su grafen i metal-organski okviri, da revolucionišu otkrivanje bakterija. Ovaj pregled ima za cilj da poboljša skalabilnost, isplativost i ekološku održivost ovih tehnologija, utirući put širokoj kliničkoj i ekološkoj primeni.
Ključne reči: Kontaminacija, nanomaterijal, nanosonde, patogene bakterije, sensing
Sribharathy Vijayagopal 1,Viswadhara Nagarajan1,
Jeyaprabha Chellappa2*
1Department of chemistry, Anna Adarsh College for Women, Anna Nagar, Chennai , India, 2Department of Science and Humanities – Chemistry, Anna University – University College of Engineering Dindigul, Dindigul , India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1189
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
66 – 74 (2025)
Bio-inspired synthesis of sulphur nanoparticles and its application
Abstract
We employed an economical, swift, and environmentally friendly approach to synthesize sulphur nanoparticles, utilizing an extract from Ficus religiosa leaves. Comprehensive characterization of these nanoparticles was performed through UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM techniques. The X-Ray diffraction method unequivocally confirmed the nanometre-scale dimensions of the synthesized sulphur nanoparticles. SEM analysis elucidated their spherical morphology, while XRD data indicated a crystalline size of 23.4 nm for these prepared nanoparticles. Besides, the antibacterial assessment of sulphur nanoparticles produced from Ficus religiosa leaves exhibited superior bioactivity against harmful bacteria species such as Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords: Sulphur nanoparticles, Ficus religiosa, bioactivity, green synthesis
Bio-inspirisana sinteza nanočestica sumporai njegova primena
Izvod
Koriscen je ekonomičan, brz i ekološki prihvatljiv pristup za sintezu nanočestica sumpora, koristeći ekstrakt iz listova Ficus religiosa. Sveobuhvatna karakterizacija ovih nanočestica obavljena je UV-vidljivom spektroskopijom, FTIR, XRD i FESEM tehnikama. Metoda difrakcije rendgenskih zraka nedvosmisleno je potvrdila nanometarske dimenzije sintetizovanih nanočestica sumpora. SEM analiza je razjasnila njihovu sfernu morfologiju, dok XRD podaci ukazuju na veličinu kristala od 23,4 nm za ove pripremljene nanočestice. Pored toga, antibakterijska procena nanočestica sumpora proizvedenih iz listova Ficus religiosa pokazala je superiornu bioaktivnost protiv štetnih vrsta bakterija kao što su Escherichia Coli i Staphilococcus aureus.
Ključne reči: nanočestice sumpora, Ficus religiosa, bioaktivnost, zelena sinteza
VyacheslavGoryany
Düsseldorf, Germany
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1199
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
75 – 89 (2025)
Rings for compound rolls of rolling mills
Abstract
Modern materials for producing rings for compound rolls and their most important application properties are described. The advantages and disadvantages of rings made of cemented carbide, high-speed steel, ceramic materials and their damage mechanisms are analyzed. The structure of composite material rings made of cemented carbide/ iron-based alloys, HSS rings manufactured using powder metallurgy and melt metallurgy, and rings made of silicon nitride are described.
Keywords: ring, compound roll, cemented carbide, high-speed steel, silicon nitride, clamping system
Prstenovi za složene valjke valjaonica
Izvod
Opisani su savremeni materijali za proizvodnju prstenova za kompozitne valjke i njihova najvažnija svojstva. Analizirane su prednosti i nedostaci prstenova izrađenihod tvrdog metala, brzoreznog čelika, keramičkih materijala i mehanizmi njihovog oštećenja. Dalje, predstavljeni su zahtjevi za vodu za hlađenje prstenova. Opisanaje struktura prstenova od kompozitnih materijala izrađenih od tvrdog metala i legura na bazi željeza, brzoreznog čelika, prstenova proizvedenih metalurgijom praha i metalurgijom rastopljenog metala te prstenova izrađenih od silicijum nitrida.
Ključne reči: prsten, složeni valjak, tvrdi metal, brzorezni čelik, silicijum nitrid, steznisistem
Auxilia Ruby Sagaya Irudayaraj*, Felicita Florence John, Divya Priya Chinnasamy, Kanmani Raman, Amala Infant Joice Joseph
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Trichy-620002, Tamilnadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1188
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
90 – 101 (2025)
Synthesis and characterization of Selenicereus undatus extract mediated nano-Bi2O3 and its application in the adsorption of Rhodamine B dye
Abstract
Betacyanins(BC) arereddish-purple pigment widely found in the peels of white-fleshed dragon fruit (Selenicereus undatus) and peels and pulps ofred-fleshed dragon fruit (Selenicereuscostaricensis). BC pigments are good anti-oxidants that inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and thereby promote the reduction of metal ions to zero valent metals. It also acts as a good stabilising and capping agent in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Hence, this research aims to extract, and quantize the content of BC from the peels of Selenicereusundatus, to fabricate betacyanin rich-Selenicereusundatus (SU) modified bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3 NPs) and characterize using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX and BET. The quantity and stability of the betacyanin are optimized using various parameters like time, temperature, solvent ratio, pH, etc., through UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 538 nm. SynthesizedSU-Bi2O3 NPs aims for the alleviation of synthetic dye contaminantsthrough adsorption- an efficient route for water remediation. The nano-adsorbent Bi2O3 NPs showed increase in dye adsorption with an increase in reaction time, temperature and Bi2O3 NPs dosage, enabling efficient removal of dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes.
Keywords:Betacyanin, selenicereus undatus, bismuth oxide nanoparticles, characterization, Rhodamine B dyes.
Hijerarhijski okvir, izrada i karakterizacija nano-bi2o3 posredstvom ekstrakta selenicereus undatus i njegova primena
Izvod
Betacijanini (BC) su crvenkasto-ljubičasti pigment koji se široko nalazi u korama zmajevog voća sa belim mesom (Selenicereus undatus) i kore i pulpe crvenog zmajevog voća (Selenicereus costaricensis). BC pigmenti su dobri antioksidansi koji inhibiraju formiranje reaktivnih vrsta kiseonika (ROS) u biljkama i na taj način promovišu redukciju metalnih jona na nula valentnih metala. Takođe, deluje kao dobar stabilizator i agens za zatvaranje u sintezi nanočestica. Dakle, ovo istraživanje ima za cilj da ekstrahuje i kvantizuje sadržaj BC iz kore Selenicereus undatus, kako bi se proizvele nanočestice modifikovanih bizmut oksida (SU) bogate betacijaninom-Selenicereus undatus (Bi2O3 NP) i karakterisale korišćenjem UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX i BET. Količina i stabilnost betacijanina se optimizuju korišćenjem različitih parametara kao što su vreme, temperatura, odnos rastvarača, pH, itd., preko UV-Vis spektrofotometra na 538 nm. Sintetizovani SU-Bi2O3 NP imaju za cilj ublažavanje zagađivača sintetičkih boja putem adsorpcije – efikasan put za remedijaciju vode. Nano-adsorbenti Bi2O3 NP su pokazali povećanje adsorpcije boje sa povećanjem vremena reakcije, temperature i doze Bi2O3 NP, što je omogućilo efikasno uklanjanje boja kao što su Rhodamine B (RhB) boje.
Ključne reči: betacijanin, Selenicereus undatus, nanočestice bizmut oksida, karakterizacija, rodamin B boje.
Ifeanyichukwu Michael Onyejekwe1*, Nnaemeka Uwaezuoke1, Ononien Gborienemi George1 Ubanozie Julian Obibuike1, Nnanna Onwuegbueha Okoli1
1Petroleum Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1088
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
102 – 108 (2025)
Hydrate formation and its influence on natural gas pipeline: Simulation study
Abstract
This study simultaneously studied the twin problem of hydrate and corrosion that occurs in natural gas pipeline, establishing their interdependent using a simulation approach. CO2 corrosion was simulated using NORSOK M-506 standard model in matlab. Major factors considered are the relationship between corrosion rate and temperature, corrosion rate and PH, corrosion-temperature relationship for varying CO2 mole percent, and PH values. The result from this study established that both type I and type II hydrates could form at the operating conditions of 5OC and 60 bar. The obtained result also shows that rate of corrosion decreases and increases with increase in PH values and temperature respectively to a certain temperature of approximately 78 OC, then a dip in rate of corrosion. The result for corrosion-temperature relationship for varying PH values and CO2 mole percent shows a decrease in corrosion rate with an in increase in PH, and an increase with increase in CO2 mole percent t. Furthermore, the obtained results highlight a rise as high as 5.7 mm/year at a 3 mole percent CO2. This value and trend portray a bad omen for the affected pipeline. This study recommends that natural gas to be transported by pipeline should be sweetened and processed to remove H2S, CO2 and mercaptans if present.
Keywords: CO2 corrosion, model, simulation, hydrate, MATLAB
Formiranje hidrata i njegov uticaj na cevovod prirodnog gasa: simulaciona studija
Izvod
Ova studija je istovremeno proučavala dvostruki problem hidrata i korozije koji se javlja u gasovodu prirodnog gasa, utvrđujući njihovu međuzavisnost korišćenjem simulacionog pristupa. CO2 korozija je simulirana korišćenjem standardnog modela NORSOK M-506 u matlab-u. Glavni faktori koji se razmatraju su odnos između brzine korozije i temperature, brzine korozije i PH, odnos korozije i temperature za različite molske procente CO2 i PH vrednosti. Rezultat ove studije je pokazao da se i hidrati tipa I i tipa II mogu formirati pri radnim uslovima od 5°C i 60 bara. Dobijeni rezultat, takođe, pokazuje da se brzina korozije smanjuje i povećava sa povećanjem PH vrednosti i temperature do određene temperature od približno 78°C, a zatim pada u stopi korozije. Rezultat za odnos korozije-temperatura za različite vrednosti PH i molskog procenta CO2 pokazuje smanjenje brzine korozije sa povećanjem PH i povećanje sa povećanjem molskog procenta CO2 t. Štaviše, dobijeni rezultati ističu porast od čak 5,7 mm/godišnje pri 3 mol procenta CO2. Ova vrednost i trend predstavljaju loš znak za pogođeni cevovod. Ova studija preporučuje da prirodni gas koji se transportuje cevovodom treba zasladiti i preraditi kako bi se uklonili H2S, CO2 i merkaptani ako su prisutni.
Ključne reči: CO2 korozija, model, simulacija, hidrat, MATLAB
Esmeralda Halo, Bledar Murtaj, Jonida Tahiraj, Sonila Kane, Elda Marku, Alma Shehu, Sonila Duka, Aurel Nuro*
Tirana University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Tirana, Albania
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1132
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
109 – 118 (2025)
A survey of water quality in areas of Albanian ports
Abstract
Thisstudy reportdata on physical-chemical parameters and on concentrations of organic pollutants in marine water samples of Albanian ports. Nutrients, PH, temperature, conductivity, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, chlorines, sulfates, magnesium and calcium ions were the indicators used for evaluation of water quality. Also, organic pollutants (organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PAH and benzene) were determined in seawater samples. Albania is facing by Ionian and Adriatic seas in a coastline of more than 300km. Several ports are in function in Albanian coastline. Ship transport and many activities (automobile transport, mechanical activities, deposits, etc.)are the main factors of water pollution in port areas. Water samples from seven ports (the main Albanian ports) starting from Saranda port in the South to Shengjini port in the North, were analyzed in this study. Sampling was realized in May 2023.
Based on physical-chemical indicators the water in the port of Saranda was the cleanest water, while Porto-Romano, Petrolifera and the fishing port in Zvernec was the most polluted one. Organic pollutants were detected in all water samples. Presence of the degradation products of pesticides may be related with previous uses of them. Presence of PCBs can be because of atmospheric deposition (volatile congeners), water currents and mechanical businesses (heavy congeners). PAHs and Benzene were detected on more than 70% of the analyzed samples. Intense ship and automobile transport in the port areas, mechanical businessesdischarge and hydrocarbon processingi(Petrolifera and Porto-Romano) can be main factor for their presence. Water currents and new arrivals from the rivers can influence the levels and profile of pollutants. The found levels of organic pollutants in water samples of Albanian ports were higher than reported levels in previous studies for the Adriatic Sea (Albania coastline).
Keywords: Albanianports, Physical-chemical parameters, Organic pollutants, Water analyzes
Istraživanje kvaliteta vode na područjima albanskih luka
Izvod
Ova studija daje podatke o fizičko-hemijskim parametrima i koncentracijama organskih zagađivača u uzorcima morske vode albanskih luka. Hranljivi sastojci, PH, temperatura, provodljivost, TSS, DO, BPK, COD, hlor, sulfati, joni magnezijuma i kalcijuma bili su indikatori koji su korišćeni za ocenu kvaliteta vode. Takođe, u uzorcima morske vode utvrđeni su organski zagađivači (organohlorni pesticidi, PCB, PAH i benzen). Albanija je suočena sa Jonskim i Jadranskim morem na obali dužoj od 300 km. Nekoliko luka je u funkciji na albanskoj obali. Brodski transport i mnoge delatnosti (automobilski transport, mašinske delatnosti, nanosi i dr.) glavni su faktori zagađenja vode u lučkim područjima. U ovoj studiji analizirani su uzorci vode iz sedam luka (glavnih albanskih luka) počev od luke Saranda na jugu do luke Shengjini na severu. Uzorkovanje je realizovano u maju 2023. godine.
Na osnovu fizičko-hemijskih pokazatelja voda u luci Saranda je bila najčistija voda, dok su Porto-Romano, Petrolifera i ribarska luka u Zvernecu bila najzagađenija. U svim uzorcima vode otkriveni su organski zagađivači. Prisustvo proizvoda razgradnje pesticida može biti povezano sa njihovom prethodnom upotrebom. Prisustvo PCB-a može biti zbog atmosferskog taloženja (isparljivi kongeneri), strujanja vode i mehaničkih poslova (teški kongeneri). PAH i benzen su detektovani na više od 70% analiziranih uzoraka. Intenzivan brodski i automobilski transport u lučkim oblastima, istovar mehaničkih preduzeća i prerada ugljovodonika (Petrolifera i Porto-Romano) mogu biti glavni faktor njihovog prisustva. Vodeni tokovi i novi dolasci iz reka mogu uticati na nivoe i profil zagađivača. Pronađeni nivoi organskih zagađivača u uzorcima vode albanskih luka bili su viši od nivoa prijavljenih u prethodnim studijama za Jadransko more (obala Albanije).
Ključne reči: albanske luke, fizičko-hemijski parametri, organski zagađivači, analize vode
Tamara Tešić1, Milica Rančič1*, Danica Bajuk Bogdanović2,Ivana Gavrilović Grmuša1
1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia, 2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia;
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1140
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
119 – 125 (2025)
The influence of tannin on the improvement of adhesive properties of urea-formaldehyde resin
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the properties of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive with the addition of tannin, in order to determine whether it is possible to obtain so-called, bio-adhesives for wood with better mechanical properties compared to commercial UF. Tannin-based UF resins, with four different concentrations of tannin (5, 10, 15, and 20%), were prepared, and adhesive properties were tested and compared with properties of pure UF. Testing of tensile shear strength showed that the addition of tannin in UF adhesive formulation significantly increases its performance compared to pure UF adhesive. It was found that tensile shear strength increased with increasing concentration of tannin, while UF-tannin adhesives with tannin concentrations of 15% and 20% showed higher tensile shear strength than the corresponding pure UF adhesive. Therefore, it can be concluded that tannin-based UF adhesive can be a good candidate for application as an environmentally-friendly wood adhesive due to improvement in terms of adhesive and mechanical properties.
Keywords: wood adhesive,UF resin, tannin, bio-adhesives, wood-based composites
Uticaj tanina na poboljšanje adhezivnih svojstava urea-formaldehidnih adheziva
Izvod
Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispitaju svojstva urea-formaldehidnog (UF) adheziva sa dodatkom tanina, kako bi se utvrdilo da li je moguće dobiti bioadheziv sa poboljšanim mehaničkim svojstvima u poređenju sa komercijalnim UF. Pripremljene su UF smole na bazi tanina, sa četiri različite koncentracije tanina (5, 10, 15 i 20%), a adhezivna svojstva su ispitana i upoređena sa svojstvima čistog UF. Ispitivanje zatezne čvrstoće na smicanje pokazalo je da dodavanje tanina u formulaciju UF adheziva značajno povećava njegove performanse u poređenju sa čistim UF lepkom. Utvrđeno je da se zatezna čvrstoća na smicanje povećava sa povećanjem koncentracije tanina, dok su UF-taninski lepkoviadhezivi sa koncentracijom tanina od 15% i 20% pokazali veću zateznu čvrstoću na smicanje od odgovarajućeg čistog UF adheziva. Stoga se može zaključiti da UF adheziv na bazi tanina može biti dobar kandidat za primenu kao ekološki prihvatljiv adheziv za drvo sapoboljšanimadhezivnim i mehaničkim svojstvima.
Ključne reči:adheziv za drvo, UF smola, tanin, bioadhezivi, kompoziti na bazi drveta
Rachana Gaur1, Ruby Jindal1, Archana Tripathi2
1Department of Physics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences,
K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
2Department of Physics, Deshbandhu College (University of Delhi),
New Delhi, 110019, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1214
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
126 – 132 (2025)
Identification of optically active vibrational modes of columbite AB2O6 using correlation method
Abstract
In the modern era, the examination of molecular structure heavily relies on the application of infrared and Raman spectra within crystalline structures. These methodologies are essential in understanding the arrangement of atoms within molecules and the internal forces governing them. An essential aspect of this analysis involves identifying vibrational modes that can be detected optically. The correlation method is employed to establish rules for selecting these vibrational modes, both in crystals and molecules, through a systematic calculation process that aids in predicting their activity in Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra. The correlation method utilizes group theory to determine which vibrational modes are spectroscopically active in crystals. In our research, our aim is to employ this method to identify the irreducible representations and determine the IR and Raman active vibrational modes of orthorhombic AB2O6 compounds within the Pbcn space group. By conducting comprehensive group theory calculations, our objective is to elucidate the spectroscopic properties using the correlation method.
Keywords: Correlation method, spectroscopy, group theory, columbite-type structure
Identifikacija optički aktivnih vibracijskih režima kolumbita ab2o6 korišćenjem metode korelacije
Izvod
U modernoj eri, ispitivanje molekularne strukture se u velikoj meri oslanja na primenu infracrvenog i Ramanovog spektra unutar kristalnih struktura. Ove metodologije su neophodne za razumevanje rasporeda atoma unutar molekula i unutrašnjih sila koje njima upravljaju. Suštinski aspekt ove analize uključuje identifikaciju vibracionih modova koji se mogu optički detektovati. Korelacioni metod se koristi za uspostavljanje pravila za odabir ovih vibracionih modova, kako u kristalima tako i u molekulima, kroz sistematski proces proračuna koji pomaže u predviđanju njihove aktivnosti u infracrvenom (IR) i Raman spektru. Korelacioni metod koristi teoriju grupa da odredi koji su vibracioni modovi spektroskopski aktivni u kristalima. U našem istraživanju, naš cilj je da upotrebimo ovu metodu za identifikaciju nereducibilnih reprezentacija i određivanje IR i Raman aktivnih vibracionih modova ortorombskih AB2O6 jedinjenja unutar Pbcn prostorne grupe. Sprovođenjem sveobuhvatnih proračuna teorije grupa, naš cilj je da razjasnimo spektroskopska svojstva korišćenjem metode korelacije.
Ključne reči: Korelacioni metod, spektroskopija, teorija grupa, struktura tipa kolumbita
Indu Bhushan1, Malvika Mehta1, Mahima Sharma1, Chitrakshi Chopra1, Ratna Chandra1, Ikhwan Syafiq Mohd Noor2, Muhd Zu AzhanYahya3, Ashutosh Tripathi4, Arvind Kumar Yadav1*
1School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India, 2Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 3DefenceScience and Technology, University Pertahanan, Nasional Malaysia(UPNM), Malaysia, 4Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Hqrs Lumami, Nagaland, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1214
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
133 – 147 (2025)
Role of nanomaterials in modern agriculture
Abstract
Agriculture is a foundation of several emerging countries, and it is one of the most economically significant drivers. Farmers, consumers, and the environment are all at risk as a result of the increased usage of mineral fertilizers and harmful pesticides. Over the last few years, substantial research into the application of Nanotechnology to boost agricultural productivity has been undertaken. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been discovered to be beneficial as nanopesticides, nanobiosensor, nanofertilizers, and nanoremediation in agrifood production. Nutrients, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides are compacted with a variety of NPs to facilitate the progressive release of fertilisers and pesticides, resulting in exact dose accessibility to plants. Nanofertilizers improve nutrient utilization, reduce nutrient deficiencies, reduce soil toxicity, and lessen the negative consequences of overdosing, all while reducing treatment frequency. Nanoformulations are used in agriculture to boost germination of seed, reduce nutrient losses in fertilization, reduce the amount of pesticides dispersed, aid water and nutrient management, and. This review also discusses various challenges and concerns about pesticide product development, formulation, and toxicity for ecologically friendly and sustainable agriculture.
Keywords:Agriculture, nanofertilizers, nanobiosensors, nanopesticides, nanoformulations, nanomaterials
Uloga nanomaterijala u savremenoj poljoprivredi
Izvod
Poljoprivreda je temelj nekoliko zemalja u usponu i jedan je od ekonomski najznačajnijih pokretača. Poljoprivrednici, potrošači i životna sredina su u opasnosti kao rezultat povećane upotrebe mineralnih đubriva i štetnih pesticida. Tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina, preduzeta su značajna istraživanja o primeni nanotehnologije za povećanje poljoprivredne produktivnosti. Otkriveno je da su nanočestice (NP) korisne kao nanopesticidi, nanobiosenzor, nanođubriva i nanoremedijacija u proizvodnji poljoprivredne hrane. Hranjive materije, pesticidi, fungicidi i herbicidi su sabijeni sa raznim NP-ima kako bi se olakšalo progresivno oslobađanje đubriva i pesticida, što rezultira tačnom dozom dostupnosti biljkama. Nanođubriva poboljšavaju iskorišćenje hranljivih materija, smanjuju nedostatak hranljivih materija, smanjuju toksičnost zemljišta i smanjuju negativne posledice predoziranja, a sve to istovremeno smanjujući učestalost tretmana. Nanoformulacije se koriste u poljoprivredi za povećanje klijanja semena, smanjenje gubitaka hranljivih materija u đubrenju, smanjenje količine raspršenih pesticida, pomoć u upravljanju vodom i hranljivim materijama i. Ovaj pregled takođe razmatra različite izazove i zabrinutosti u vezi sa razvojem proizvoda pesticida, formulacijom i toksičnošću za ekološki prihvatljivu i održivu poljoprivredu.
Ključne reči: poljoprivreda, nanođubriva, nanobiosenzori, nanopesticidi, nanoformulacije, nanomaterijali.
Bendaoud Mebarek1*, Abdelkader Maatoug1, Sid Ahmed Mokhtar Mostefaoui1,Halim Benali3, Yassine El Guerri2
1Laboratoire de Recherche en Intelligence Artificielle et Systèmes (LRIAS), University of Tiaret, Algeria,2Research Laboratory of Industrial Technologies, University of Tiaret, Algeria, 3Mathematics Departement, University of Tiaret, Algeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1090
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
148 – 157 (2025)
Adomian decompositionmethod for modelling the growth of FeB/Fe2B layer in boronizing process
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to explore the practical implementation of the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) in effectively solving the system of equationsgoverning boron diffusion during the boronizing process. This study uses ADM to investigate the kinetics of the boronizing process, assess the influence of various parameters on the growth of the layer thickness, and determine the boron concentration in FeB and Fe2B phases. To validate the simulation results, data obtained from the literature were utilized. Overall, this research contributes to understanding the boronizing process and demonstrates the effectiveness of ADM as a mathematical tool for solving complex diffusion equations.
Keywords:Adomian decomposition method, Model, Diffusion, Boronizing, kinetic, simulation
Adomijanska dekompoziciona metoda za modeliranje rasta FeB/Fe2B sloja u boroniziranje procesa
Izvod
Glavni cilj ovog rada je da se ispita praktična implementacija Adomianove metode dekompozicije (ADM) u efikasnom rješavanju sistemske jednadžbe koja upravlja difuzijom bora tokom procesa boriranja. Ovaj rad koristi gore pomenutu metodu za istraživanje kinetike boroniziranje procesa, procjenu utjecaja različitih parametara na rast debljine sloja i određivanje koncentracije bora u FeB i Fe2B fazama. Za validaciju rezultata simulacije koristili smo podatke dobijene iz literature.
Ključne riječi: Adomian metoda dekompozicije, Model, Difuzija, Boroniziranje, kinetička, simulacija
Bendaoud Mebarek1*, Abdelkader Maatoug1, Sid Ahmed Mokhtar Mostefaoui1,Halim Benali3, Yassine El Guerri2
1Laboratoire de Recherche en Intelligence Artificielle et Systèmes (LRIAS), University of Tiaret, Algeria,2Research Laboratory of Industrial Technologies, University of Tiaret, Algeria, 3Mathematics Departement, University of Tiaret, Algeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1134
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
158 – 166 (2025)
Effect of Hemihydrate gypsum on the basic properties of oil-well cement
Abstract
During this research has been used laboratory mill and production cement mill for comparing results. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of the gypsum with different phase state (dihydrate or hemihydrate), active additive of blast granulated slag and the total SO3 content to the free water separation, spreading of the well cement slurry and flexural and compressive strength of the cement mortar. The conducted cycle of research made it possible to obtain quantitative dependences of that parameters. At the researches was used gypsum preheated at the furnace with 200°C for 60 minutes. During this research was discovered that presence of hemihydrate gypsumin the cement don’t have big impact on the free water separation, but it has some impact on the spreading of the well cement slurry. Also, at this research has been discover influence of hemihydrate gypsum to compressive strength at the age of 28 days and flexural strength at the age of 1 day. During this research was discovered that presence of hemihydrate gypsum at the cementreduce the thickening time for 60 minutes. Presence of blast granulated slag at the cement reduce free water separation of the well cement slurry. During research at the production cement mill was ensured that presence of hemihydrate gypsum at the cement reduce spreading for 25 mm and reduce free water separation for 1 ml. The results of the tests from the production cement mill and laboratory mill are comparable and representative.
Keywords.oil-well cement, free water separation, spreading of the well cement slurry
Uticaj hemihidratnog gipsa na osnovna svojstva uljnog cementa
Izvod
Tokom ovog istraživanja korišćeni su laboratorijski mlin i mlin za proizvodnju cementa za poređenje rezultata. Svrha istraživanja je bila da se utvrdi uticaj gipsa različitog faznog stanja (dihidrat ili hemihidrat), aktivnog aditiva granulisane šljake i ukupnog sadržaja SO3 na separaciju slobodne vode, rasprostranjenost cementne suspenzije bunara i savijanje i pritisak. čvrstoća cementnog maltera. Sproveden ciklus istraživanja omogućio je dobijanje kvantitativne zavisnosti tih parametara. Za istraživanja je korišćen gips prethodno zagrejan u peći na 200°C u trajanju od 60 minuta. Tokom ovog istraživanja otkriveno je da prisustvo hemihidrata gipsa u cementu nema veliki uticaj na separaciju slobodne vode, ali ima izvestan uticaj na širenje cementne suspenzije bunara. Takođe, ovim istraživanjem je otkriven uticaj hemihidratnog gipsa na čvrstoću na pritisak u dobi od 28 dana i čvrstoću na savijanje u dobi od 1 dana. Tokom ovog istraživanja otkriveno je da prisustvo hemihidrata gipsa na cementu smanjuje vreme zgušnjavanja za 60 minuta. Prisustvo granulirane šljake na cementu smanjuje slobodnu separaciju vode u cementnoj suspenziji bunara. Tokom istraživanja u proizvodnom mlinu cementa obezbeđeno je da prisustvo hemihidrata gipsa na cementu smanji širenje za 25 mm i smanji slobodnu separaciju vode za 1 ml. Rezultati ispitivanja iz proizvodnog mlina za cement i laboratorijskog mlina su uporedivi i reprezentativni.
Ključne reči: cement iz bunara, slobodna separacija vode, nanošenje bušotine cementne suspenzije.
Nikita Singh1, Satish Kumar Yadav2, Aradhana Shukla1,
Amit Misra3, Jyotsna Singh1*, Rajendra Bahadur Singh1
1Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India,
2Instituteof New and Renewable Energy, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India, 3Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai Campus, UAE
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1198
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
167 – 178 (2025)
Study of greenmicroalgaeasafeedstock for biodiesel production
Abstract
Biodiesel as an energy source has marked an edge to a growing energy crisis issue. There are multiple ways by which biodiesel can be produced, and aggressive researchisgoing on in the field of biodiesel. In this work, we have focused on biodiesel production from microalgae. Green microalgae, a third-generation feedstock, are promising candidates for biodiesel production because of their high lipid content and rapid growth. In this study, for the cultivation of microalgae, an environment of varying temperatures that was between 27°C to 32°C was created. Also, three different concentrations (2:2, 2.5:1.5, and 3:1) of aquarium and freshwater were considered in this work for algae growth, and the lipid extraction method like mechanical cell destruction was investigated to determine its efficiency. Once the lipid extraction process was optimized, the extracted lipids were subjected to a transesterification process, converting them into biodiesel. The results of this study show that the greater concentration of aquarium water resulted in better algae production, i.e., dried weights of algae extracted from the above-considered concentrations were 2.69 grams, 2.79 grams, and 2.92 grams respectively. Biodiesel produced from the dried algae was 3.15 ml, 3.96 ml, and 4.95 ml, respectively. These results suggest that green microalgae can be considered an enticing raw material for biodiesel production. Optimizing cultivation and lipid extraction methods can improve biomass and lipid productivity, boosting overall biomass yield. This study concludes that algal biodiesel can be an alternative source to petroleum-based diesel fuel.
Keywords: Biodiesel; microalgae; lipid extraction; biomass; temperature
Studija zelenih mikroalgi kao sirovine za proizvodnju biodizela
Izvod
Biodizel kao izvor energije označio je ivicu rastuće energetske krize. Postoji više načina na koje se biodizel može proizvesti, a u toku su agresivna istraživanja u oblasti biodizela. U ovom radu smo se fokusirali na proizvodnju biodizela iz mikroalgi. Zelene mikroalge, sirovina treće generacije, su obećavajući kandidati za proizvodnju biodizela zbog visokog sadržaja lipida i brzog rasta. U ovoj studiji, za uzgoj mikroalgi, stvoreno je okruženje različitih temperatura koje su bile između 27°C i 32°C. Takođe, tri različite koncentracije (2:2, 2,5:1,5 i 3:1) akvarijumske i slatke vode razmatrane su u ovom radu za rast algi, a istražen je metod ekstrakcije lipida kao što je mehaničko uništavanje ćelija da bi se utvrdila njegova efikasnost. Kada je proces ekstrakcije lipida optimizovan, ekstrahovani lipidi su podvrgnuti procesu transesterifikacije, pretvarajući ih u biodizel. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da je veća koncentracija akvarijumske vode rezultirala boljom proizvodnjom algi, odnosno, osušene mase algi ekstrahovanih iz gore navedenih koncentracija bile su 2,69 grama, 2,79 grama, odnosno 2,92 grama. Biodizel proizveden od sušenih algi bio je 3,15 ml, 3,96 ml i 4,95 ml, respektivno. Ovi rezultati sugerišu da se zelene mikroalge mogu smatrati primamljivom sirovinom za proizvodnju biodizela. Optimizacija metoda uzgoja i ekstrakcije lipida može poboljšati biomasu i produktivnost lipida, povećavajući ukupan prinos biomase. Ova studija zaključuje da biodizel iz algi može biti alternativni izvor za dizel gorivo na bazi nafte.
Ključne reči: Biodizel; microalgae; ekstrakcija lipida; biomasa; temperatura.
Nishant Kumar1, Ashutosh Sahu2, Ikhwan Mohd Noor3,
Pramod K. Singh4, Lavish Kumar Singh5,*
1Department of Civil Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India, 3Physics Division, Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, 4Center for Solar Cells and Renewable Energy (CSRE), Department of Physics, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, India, 5School of Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1240
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
179 – 186 (2025)
Investigating the effect of polypropylene fibres and curing parameters on the workability and mechanical properties of concrete
Abstract
Polypropylene fibres possess certain characteristics that make them an ideal counterpart to attain explicit advantages when used for building works, more specifically, when added to concrete. In this investigation, polypropylene fibres were added by weight of cement (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%) in M20 grade of concrete and their impact on workability, compressive strength and flexural strength was assessed and analyzed. The slump test revealed that as the polypropylene fiber loading in the concrete mix was increased, the workability of the mixture continued to decrease; the workability decreased by 11.11%, 19.44% and 45.83% upon addition of 0.25 %, 0.5%, and 0.75% fibres respectively in the concrete. The compressive strength as well as the flexural strength of the concrete increased monotonously with increase in the curing time and fibre loading. For instance, in case of acidic water curing, the compressive strength enhanced from 19.08 MPa to 22.85 MPa upon increasing the fibre content from 0.25% to 0.75%. Adding 0.25% polypropylene fibre resulted in an increase in the flexural strength of conventional concrete mix by 15.78% and 10.29% when cured in normal water for 28 days and 56 days, respectively. Both compressive and flexural strength of the samples cured in normal water was found to be higher than the samples cured in acidic water and it was observed that the fibre reinforced concretes were more resistant to acids than the normal unreinforced concrete.
Keywords:Cement,curing time, slump behavior, compressive strength, flexural strength
Ispitivanje uticaja polipropilenskih vlakana i parametara očvršćavanja na obradivost i mehanička svojstva betona
Izvod
Polipropilenska vlakna poseduju određene karakteristike koje ih čine idealnim parom za postizanje eksplicitnih prednosti kada se koriste za građevinske radove, tačnije kada se dodaju betonu. U ovom istraživanju dodata su polipropilenska vlakna po masi cementa (0,25%, 0,5% i 0,75%) u betonu marke M20 i procenjen je i analiziran njihov uticaj na obradivost, čvrstoću na pritisak i čvrstoću na savijanje. Test sleganja je otkrio da kako je opterećenje polipropilenskim vlaknima u betonskoj mešavini bilo povećano, obradivost smeše je nastavila da opada; obradivost je smanjena za 11,11%, 19,44% i 45,83% nakon dodavanja 0,25%, 0,5% i 0,75% vlakana u beton respektivno. Čvrstoća na pritisak kao i čvrstoća betona na savijanje monotono su se povećavala sa povećanjem vremena očvršćavanja i opterećenja vlaknima. Na primer, u slučaju kiselog očvršćavanja u vodi, čvrstoća na pritisak se povećava sa 19,08 MPa na 22,85 MPa povećanjem sadržaja vlakana sa 0,25% na 0,75%. Dodavanje 0,25% polipropilenskih vlakana rezultiralo je povećanjem čvrstoće na savijanje konvencionalne betonske mešavine za 15,78% i 10,29% kada se osuši u normalnoj vodi tokom 28 dana i 56 dana, respektivno. Utvrđeno je da su i tlačna i savojna čvrstoća uzoraka očvršćanih u normalnoj vodi veća od uzoraka očvrsnutih u kiseloj vodi i uočeno je da su betoni ojačani vlaknima otporniji na kiseline od normalnog nearmiranog betona.
Ključne reči: Cement, vreme očvršćavanja, ponašanje pri slijeganju, čvrstoća na pritisak, čvrstoća na savijanje
Vesna Obradović, Marija Perović*, Predrag Pajić
Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1082
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
187 – 195 (2025)
Evaluation of biocorrosion, biofouling, and health risks in the two study locations in danube alluvium
Abstract
Within conducted research the results of microbiological investigations on specific metabolic (phenotypic) groups of bacteria that play crucial roles in the biogeochemical cycling of iron, manganese, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon are presented. These bacteria are also involved in the development of biocorrosion and biofouling processes, with some posing risks to public health. Utilizing results from applied biological activity reaction tests (BART tests), processed using specialized software, potential risks for the development of microbiologically mediated corrosion, biofouling, and health risks were calculated for seven wells within two oxic sites in the Danube alluvium – Vinci and Veliko Gradište, Serbia.Moderate to high corrosion risk was determined for all seven wells at both sites (CR=5.4). Microbiological fouling risk was very high in three out of the seven investigated wells (PR=8.10). Among the seven sites studied, one site stood out based on the calculated high value of health risk coefficient (HR=8.10).The research results provide new insights into the microbiological role in aging wells in oxic groundwater of the Danube alluvium. It is demonstrated that the physicochemical composition and chemical species such as minerals, organic matter, and the specific composition of microbial communities in the studied groundwater have the potential to stimulate biocorrosion and the formation of deposits and biofilms within well structures.In addition to biochemical analyses, hydrogeological characteristics of the analyzed area are presented to define the geological stratigraphy, for which specific microbiological transformations would be expected based on the obtained results.
Key words:biocorrosion, biofouling, groundwater, health risk, Serbia
Procena biokorozije, bioobrastanja i zdravstvenih rizika na dve istraživane lokacije u dunavskim aluvijumima
Izvod
U radu su prezentovani rezultati mikrobioloških istraživanja posebnih metaboličkih (fenotipskih) grupa bakterija koje igraju važnu ekološku ulogu u biogeohemijskom kruženju gvožđa , mangana, azota, sumpora i ugljenika, a koje učestvuju i u razvoji procesa biokorozije, biofulinga a neke od njih predstavljaju i rizik za javno zdravlje. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata primenjenih reakcionih testova biološke aktivnosti (BART testovi), koji su obrađeni u namenskom softveru, izračunati su potencijalni rizici za razvoj mikrobiološki posredovanih procesa korozije, mikrobiološkog kolmiranja i zdravstveni rizici za podzemne vode u zoni sedam hidrotehničkih objekata dva oksična lokaliteta u aluvijonu Dunava – Vinci i Veliko Gradište, u Srbiji. Umereno visok rizik za biokoroziju određen je za svih sedam bunara na oba lokaliteta (CR=5.4). Rizik od mikrobiološkog kolmiranja bio je vrlo visok u tri od sedam ispitivanih bunara (PR=8.10). Među sedam ispitivanih lokaliteta, jedan se posebno izdvojio na osnovu izračunate visoke vrednosti koeficijenta zdravstvenog rizika (HR=8.10). Rezultati istraživanja su pružili nove uvide u mikrobiološku ulogu u starenju bunara u oksičnim podzemnim vodama dunavskog aluvijona. Pokazano je da fizičko-hemijski sastav i hemijske vrste poput minerala, organske materije i specifičan sastav zajednica mikroorganizama u ispitivanim podzemnim vodama imaju potencijal da podstaknu biokoroziju I formiranje naslaga i biofilmova unutar strukture bunara. Osim biohemijskih analiza, prikazane su i hidrogeološke karakteristike analiziranog područja, kako bi se definisala geološka stratigrafija za koju bi, na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, bilo očekivano odvijanje specifičnih mikrobioloških transformacija.
Ključne reči: biokorozija, biozačepljavanje, podzemna voda, zdravstveni rizik, Srbija
Canute Sherwin1*, Kandavalli Raju2
1Atria University, Bengaluru, India – 560 024, 2St Joseph Engineering College, Mangaluru, India – 575 028
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1066
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
196 – 205 (2025)
Advancements in thermal barrier coatings for internal combustion (IC) engines
Abstract
Pistons of diesel engines are made of aluminum alloys. There has always been a need to increase the thermal efficiency of engines which use these pistons. Aluminum Alloy pistons find their application because they are lightweight and have a comparatively good heat transfer ability and strength to weight ratio. However, aluminum alloys exhibit increased coefficient of thermal expansion, low durability at high temperatures, increased wear rates and formation of aluminum oxide due to interaction with oxygen in air at high temperatures. These challenges are solved by coating a ceramic material onto the piston, known as the thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), due to its low specific heat and heat transfer properties. TBCs play an important role in improving the effectiveness of elevated temperatures in industrial applications like gas turbines, automobiles and aeronautical systems. TBCs tend to quickly reduce the upper surface temperature of the piston crown. This paper highlights the prominent methods of producing thermal barrier coatings including Diffusion coating, thermal spray technique, Electric Arc Wire Spray Technique, PVD, CVD, Electrodeposition and Additive Manufacturing Method. The crucial discussion is on the materials and emerging trends in developing an efficient thermal protection system. Additionally, the review throws light on employing novel materials like advanced ceramics, alloys and nanocomposites for their impact as TBCs. The paper also focuses on future prospects and current challenges in research and development of TBCs. Factors such as thermal conductivity, environmental stability and manufacturing processes are evaluated to meet the demands of high temperature internal combustion (IC) engine application. Finally, this brief review combines the existing information on TBCs for engineers, practitioners and scientists to understand the present practices and contribute to the improvement in thermal protection technologies in IC engines.
Keywords: Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs), Internal Combustion (IC), Air Plasma Sprays (APS), Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS), Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF), Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS), Sol-Gel, Ceramics.
Napredovanje u premazima termičke barijere za motore sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem (ic)
Izvod
Klipovi dizel motora su napravljeni od legura aluminijuma. Uvek je postojala potreba za povećanjem toplotne efikasnosti motora koji koriste ove klipove. Klipovi od aluminijumske legure nalaze svoju primenu jer su lagani i imaju relativno dobru sposobnost prenosa toplote i odnos snage i težine. Međutim, legure aluminijuma pokazuju povećan koeficijent toplotnog širenja, nisku izdržljivost na visokim temperaturama, povećanu stopu habanja i formiranje aluminijum oksida usled interakcije sa kiseonikom u vazduhu na visokim temperaturama. Ovi izazovi se rešavaju nanošenjem keramičkog materijala na klip, poznatih kao prevlake termalne barijere (TBC), zbog svojih niskih specifičnih svojstava prenosa toplote. TBC igraju važnu ulogu u poboljšanju efikasnosti povišenih temperatura u industrijskim primenama kao što su gasne turbine, automobili i vazduhoplovni sistemi. TBC imaju tendenciju da brzo smanje temperaturu gornje površine krune klipa. Ovaj rad naglašava istaknute metode proizvodnje termičkih barijernih premaza uključujući difuzioni premaz, tehniku termičkog spreja, tehniku prskanja električnim lukom, PVD, CVD, elektrodepoziciju i metodu proizvodnje aditiva. Ključna diskusija je o materijalima i trendovima koji se pojavljuju u razvoju efikasnog sistema toplotne zaštite. Pored toga, pregled baca svetlo na korišćenje novih materijala kao što su napredna keramika, legure i nanokompoziti za njihov uticaj kao TBC. Rad se, takođe, fokusira na buduće izglede i trenutne izazove u istraživanju i razvoju TBC-a. Faktori kao što su toplotna provodljivost, stabilnost životne sredine i proizvodni procesi se procenjuju kako bi se ispunili zahtevi primene motora sa unutrašnjim sagorevanjem na visokim temperaturama (IC). Konačno, ovaj kratak pregled kombinuje postojeće informacije o TBC za inženjere, praktičare i naučnike kako bi razumeli sadašnju praksu i doprineli poboljšanju tehnologija toplotne zaštite u IC motorima.
Ključne reči: prevlake za termičku barijeru (TBC), unutrašnje sagorevanje (IC), sprejevi vazdušne plazme (APS), vakuum plazma sprej (VPS), fizičko taloženje pare (PVD), oksi-gorivo velike brzine (HVOF), suspenzija plazma sprej (SPS), Sol-Gel, Keramika.
Pavel Anatolyevich Nikolaychuk1,2*
1Kurganskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, Kurgan, Russian Federation
2Novosibirskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat999
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Zastita Materijala 66 (1)
206 – 214 (2025)
The inhibitory properties of the boiling extracts from Fagus sylvatica purpurea fallen leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments
Abstract
The inhibitory ability of the boiling extracts from the fallen leaves ofFagus sylvatica purpurea on the corrosion of mild steel EN Fe37-3FN in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 M sulphuric acid media was investigated using gravimetric, electrochemical, and EIS methods. It was shown that the addition of 100 mg/l of the Fagus sylvatica purpureafallen leaves extract reduces the corrosion rate by 20–25%, and that of of 1 g/l and more – by 65–70%. The adsorption of the extract components on a steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption model, and the nature of adsorption is physical. The Fagus sylvatica purpureafallen leaves extractshowsitself as prospective and environmentally friendly substance for reducing the steel corrosion rate in acidic environments.
Keywords: Fagus sylvatica purpurea, purple beech, boiling extracts, acid medium corrosion inhibition, mild steel, gravimetric study, electrochemical study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Inhibitorna svojstva ekstrakata iz opalog lišća fagus silvatica purpurea na koroziju blagog čelika u kiselim sredinama
Izvod
Inhibiciona sposobnost ekstrakata iz opalog lišća Fagus silvatica purpurea na koroziju mekog čelika EN Fe37-3FN u 0,5 M medijumu hlorovodonične kiseline i 0,5 M sumporne kiseline ispitivana je gravimetrijskim, elektrohemijskim i EIS metodama. Pokazalo se da dodatak 100 mg/l ekstrakta opalog lišća Fagus silvatica purpurea smanjuje stopu korozije za 20–25%, a od 1 g/l i više – za 65–70%. Adsorpcija komponenti ekstrakta na čeličnoj površini prati Langmuir model adsorpcije, a priroda adsorpcije je fizička. Ekstrakt opalog lišća Fagus silvatica purpurea pokazuje se kao perspektivna i ekološki prihvatljiva supstanca za smanjenje stope korozije čelika u kiselim sredinama.
Ključne reči: Fagus silvatica purpurea, ljubičasta bukva, ključajući ekstrakti, inhibicija korozije u kiseloj sredini, blagi čelik, gravimetrijska studija, elektrohemijska studija, spektroskopija elektrohemijske impedanse, Langmuir adsorpciona izoterma





