B e o g r a d, 2026.
B r o j 1
Dr Vladimir Panić, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. dr Abd El-Aziz S. Fouda, El-Mansoura University, Egypt
Prof.dr Branimir Grgur, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Prof.dr Susai Rajendran, Department of Chemistry, Thamaraipady, India
Prof. dr Iveta Vaskova, Technikal University of Kosice, Slovakia
Prof.dr.habil. Marian Jaskula, Jagiellonian University, Poland
Prof.dr Leonid Dvorkin, National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Ukraine
Prof. dr Vaso Manojlović, University of Belgrade, TMF, Belgrade, Serbia
Dr Marija Ercegović, Institute ITMNS, Serbia
Prof. dr. Srećko Stopić, Aachen University, Germany
Prof.dr J. G. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, México
Prof.dr Heiner Jakob Gores, Germany
Prof.dr Tor Henning Hemmingsen, Norway
Dr Mirjana Stojanovic, Serbia
Prof.dr K. F. Khaled, Egypt
Prof. dr Miomir G. Pavlović, Serbia
Prof. dr Liudmila Tsygankova, Russian Federation
Dr Andrzej Kowal, Poland
Prof.dr Dragica Chamovska, R.N.Macedonia
Prof. dr Svetlana Kaluzhina, Russian Federation
Prof.dr Srdjan Roncevic, Serbia
Prof.dr Refik Zejnilović, Montenegro
Dr Ronald Latanision, USA
Prof.dr Miodrag Maksimović, Serbia
Prof.dr Vesna Mišković-Stanković, Serbia
Dr Dorothy Rajendran, India
Prof.dr Milan Jaić, Serbia
Prof.dr Kozeta Vaso, Albania
Prof.dr A. S. Sarac, Turkey
Prof.dr Jelena Bajat, Serbia
Dr Aleksandra Daković, Serbia
Prof. dr Ladislav Vrsalović, Croacia
Prof.dr Darko Vuksanović, Montenegro
Prof.dr Deana Wahyuningrum, Indonesia
Dr Nebojsa Marinkovic, USA
Dr Slavko Bernik, Slovenia
Prof.dr Milica Gvozdenovic, Serbia
Dr Tsvetina Dobrovolska, Bulgaria
Prof.dr Oguike Raphael Shadai, Nigeria
Dr Miroslav Sokic, Serbia
Prof.dr Djendji Vaštag, Serbia
Prof. dr Maria Joany Rajendran, India
Prof.dr Regina Fuchs Godec, Slovenia
Prof.dr Aurel Nuro, Albania
Dr Muhammed Ernur Akıner, Turkey
Dr Branimir Jugovic, Serbia
Dr Petar Ljumovic, Croacia
Prof.dr Manjeet Singh Goyat, India
Prof.dr Aleksandar Kostic, Serbia
Prof.dr Borko Matijević, Serbia
Dr Miroslav Pavlovic, Serbia
Prof.dr Blažo Laličić, Serbia
Dr. Agha Inya Ndukwe, Nigeria
Mr Ivan Burić, Montenegro
Zoran Ivljanin, Serbia
Gordana Miljević, Serbia
Dr Ilija Nasev, R. S. Macedonia
Dr Zoran Avramović, Serbia
Momir Ilić, Serbia
Prof.dr Milan Antonijević (2006-2012)
Tel/fax (011) 3860 – 867 i (011) 3230–028,
E-mail:editor@idk.org.rs; idk@idk.org.rs, www.idk.org.rs, E-mail:caslav.lacnjevac@gmail.com
EVROPSKA FEDERACIJA ZA KOROZIJU (EFC) SMATRA OVAJ ČASOPIS ZVANIČNOM PUBLIKACIJOM ZA OBJAVLJIVANJE IZVEŠTAJA I INFORMACIJA
EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF CORROSION (EFC) CONSIDERES THIS JOURNAL TO BE THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION FOR PUBLISHING THE REPORTS AND INFORMATION
SidorelaVishkulli1*, Ervin Suli2, Spiro Drushku1
1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
2Department of Information Technology and Communication, Professional College of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1311
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
5 – 13 (2026)
Optimization of dyeing process of wool with extract of saffron
petals using response surface methodology
Abstract
Recently the awareness of the demand on eco-friendly dyes in textile applications is increased, since the natural dyes can reveal better biodegradability and generally have a higher compatibility with the environment. There are ongoing attempts to overcome some disadvantages related to natural dyeing such as prolonged dyeing time, consumption of energy, and chemicals used. In this point of view, the optimization of process parameters is a good alternative. In this work, the dyeing of wool fibers with extract of saffron petals is presented. The response surface methodology is used to optimize the process parameters and to investigate the relationship between different factors taken into consideration, such as dyeing time, dye concentration, mordant amount, dyeing temperature and pH. The dye uptake was evaluated by absorbance measurements, using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and was used as response. The optimal dyeing conditions for obtaining the highest dye uptake value were as follows: dyeing time 69.89 minutes, dye concentration 3.7%, mordant amount 1.02g (0.56%) , dyebath pH 2.08, dyeing temperature 110ᵒC.
Keywords: natural dye, optimization, RSM, saffron extract, wool
Optimizacija procesa bojenja vune ekstraktom lata šafrana korišćenjem metodologije odgovarajućih površina
Izvod
Nedavno je povećana svest o potražnji za ekološki prihvatljivim bojama u tekstilnoj primeni, jer prirodne boje mogu otkriti bolju biorazgradljivost i generalno imaju veću kompatibilnost sa životnom sredinom. Postoje stalni pokušaji da se prevaziđu neki nedostaci u vezi sa prirodnim bojenjem, kao što su produženo vreme bojenja, potrošnja energije i korišćene hemikalije. Sa ove tačke gledišta, optimizacija parametara procesa je dobra alternativa. U ovom radu je prikazano bojenje vunenih vlakana ekstraktom latica šafrana. Metodologija površine odgovora se koristi za optimizaciju parametara procesa i za istraživanje odnosa između različitih faktora koji se uzimaju u obzir, kao što su vreme bojenja, koncentracija boje, količina jedka, temperatura bojenja i pH. Upijanje boje je procenjeno merenjem apsorbancije, korišćenjem UV-Vis spektrofotometra i korišćeno je kao odgovor. Optimalni uslovi bojenja za dobijanje najveće vrednosti apsorpcije boje bili su sledeći: vreme bojenja 69,89 minuta, koncentracija boje 3,7%, količina jedila 1,02g (0,56%), pH kupke za farbanje 2,08, temperatura bojenja 110ᵒC.
Ključne reči: prirodna boja, optimizacija, RSM, ekstrakt šafrana, vuna
Ubanozie Julian Obibuike1, Stanley Toochukwu Ekwueme1, Nnaemeka Princewill Ohia2, Frank Chinedu Ukaeru1, Ifeanyi Michael Onyejekwe1, Mathew Chidubem Udechukwu1
1Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
2Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical Systems (ACE-FUELS), Owerri, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1329
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
14 – 35 (2026)
Modelling and optimisation of geothermal binary ORC systems using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks
Abstract
This study focuses on the modeling and optimization of geothermal binary Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems to enhance power generation from geothermal systems using water as geofluid. Aspen HYSYS, utilizing the Peng-Robinson property package, was used to simulate the process, generating critical process data for subsequent modeling and optimization. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed to model the relationships between input factors and output response, utilizing a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) for three key input variables: working fluid flow rate, working fluid outlet pressure, and turbine outlet pressure. Both RSM and ANN demonstrated strong predictive capabilities, with RSM achieving an R2 value of 0.9966 and an RMSE of 12.254, while ANN achieved an R2 value of 0.9886 and an RMSE of 23.722, indicating that RSM marginally outperformed ANN in terms of modelling accuracy. Optimization of the ORC system was conducted using RSM and ANN coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA), aimed at determining the optimal values for input and output parameters. The ANN-GA optimization results were validated using Aspen HYSYS and showed superior performance over RSM. ANN-GA predicted optimal values of working fluid flow rate, working fluid outlet pressure, and turbine outlet pressure as 12 kg/s, 19 bar, and 1.2 bar, respectively, which perfectly matched the Aspen HYSYS validation results. This optimization yielded a power output of 958.48 kW, which closely aligned with the Aspen HYSYS validation output of 952.9 kW, reflecting a minimal percentage error of 0.59%. Conversely, RSM predicted slightly deviated optimal values of 11.8 kg/s, 18.47 bar, and 1.2 bar, with a corresponding power output of 940.78 kW. When validated with HYSYS, the RSM-predicted output was 927.2 kW, resulting in a higher percentage error of 1.46%, thereby underperforming relative to ANN-GA. The study highlights the comparative strengths of RSM and ANN-GA, demonstrating that while RSM excels in accurately modeling the relationship and interactions between input factors and output responses, the ANN-GA framework exhibits a significantly higher capability in navigating complex nonlinear optimization landscapes. This highlights the effectiveness of integrating machine learning models with meta-heuristic algorithms for enhanced optimization performance. The findings contribute to advancing the methodology for optimizing geothermal ORC systems and offer a robust framework for improving power generation efficiency in geothermal energy applications.
Keywords: Geothermal energy, RSM, ANN, genetic algorithm, Hysys simulation, Power generation, binary ORC systems
Modeliranje i optimizacija geotermalnih binarnih ORC sistema korišćenjem metodologije površine odgovora i veštačkih neuronskih mreža
Izvod
Ova studija se fokusira na modeliranje i optimizaciju geotermalnih binarnih sistema Organic Rankine Cicle (ORC) kako bi se poboljšala proizvodnja energije iz geotermalnih sistema koji koriste vodu kao geofluid. Aspen HISIS, koji koristi Peng-Robinsonov paket svojstava, korišćen je za simulaciju procesa, generišući kritične podatke procesa za naknadno modeliranje i optimizaciju. Metodologija površine odgovora (RSM) i veštačka neuronska mreža (ANN) su korišćene za modeliranje odnosa između ulaznih faktora i izlaznog odgovora, koristeći Bok-Behnken dizajn (BBD) za tri ključne ulazne varijable: brzinu protoka radnog fluida, izlazni pritisak radnog fluida i izlazni pritisak turbine. I RSM i ANN su pokazali snažne prediktivne sposobnosti, pri čemu je RSM postigao R2 vrednost od 0,9966 i RMSE od 12,254, dok je ANN postigao R2 vrednost od 0,9886 i RMSE od 23,722, što ukazuje da je RSM neznatno nadmašio ANNccura u smislu ANNccura. Optimizacija ORC sistema je sprovedena korišćenjem RSM i ANN u kombinaciji sa genetskim algoritmom (ANN-GA), sa ciljem određivanja optimalnih vrednosti za ulazne i izlazne parametre. Rezultati optimizacije ANN-GA su potvrđeni korišćenjem Aspen HISIS i pokazali su superiorne performanse u odnosu na RSM. ANN-GA je predvideo optimalne vrednosti protoka radnog fluida, izlaznog pritiska radnog fluida i izlaznog pritiska iz turbine od 12 kg/s, 19 bara i 1,2 bara, respektivno, što je savršeno odgovaralo rezultatima validacije Aspen HISIS. Ova optimizacija je dala izlaznu snagu od 958,48 kV, koja je bila usko usklađena sa izlazom validacije Aspen HISIS od 952,9 kV, što odražava minimalnu procentualnu grešku od 0,59%. Nasuprot tome, RSM je predvideo blago odstupanje optimalnih vrednosti od 11,8 kg/s, 18,47 bara i 1,2 bara, sa odgovarajućom izlaznom snagom od 940,78 kV. Kada je potvrđen sa HISIS-om, RSM-predviđena izlazna snaga je bila 927,2 kV, što je rezultiralo većom greškom u procentima od 1,46%, čime je lošiji učinak u odnosu na ANN-GA. Studija naglašava komparativne snage RSM-a i ANN-GA, pokazujući da, dok se RSM ističe u preciznom modeliranju odnosa i interakcija između ulaznih faktora i izlaznih odgovora, ANN-GA okvir pokazuje znatno veću sposobnost u navigaciji složenim nelinearnim optimizacijskim pejzažima. Ovo naglašava efikasnost integracije modela mašinskog učenja sa metaheurističkim algoritmima za poboljšane performanse optimizacije. Nalazi doprinose unapređenju metodologije za optimizaciju geotermalnih ORC sistema i nude robustan okvir za poboljšanje efikasnosti proizvodnje energije u primenama geotermalne energije.
Ključne reči: Geotermalna energija, RSM, ANN, genetski algoritam, Hisis simulacija, Proizvodnja električne energije, binarni ORC sistemi
Ganesan Sundara Moorthy1*, Palaniappan Meyyappan1
1Centre for Building Materials, Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil-626126, Tamilnadu, India.
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1336
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
36 – 45 (2026)
Study on the effectiveness of SAP, PEG-400, and PVA as self-curing agents: A comparative approach
Abstract
Concrete’s performance essentially depends on the hydration process, requiring adequate moisture and a controlled environment for curing. The traditional curing is challenging in water-scarce regions and in high-altitude areas. The self-curing concrete as an emerging sustainable and efficient alternative in conventional curing method scenarios and in challenging environments. Self-curing, or internal curing, is an innovative solution that ensures sufficient moisture for hydration and minimizes evaporation to enhance properties of concrete. This study explores the impact of various self-curing agents Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP), Polyethylene Glycol-400 (PEG-400), and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) on the fresh and mechanical properties of self-curing concrete. The nine mix designs were developed, with self-curing agents incorporated at dosages of 1%, 2%, and 3% by mass of cement. The mechanical properties analysed include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength, while workability was assessed using slump tests. The results expose that PEG-400 at 1% dosage the highest performance in terms of strength and workability, with compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of 26.29 N/mm², 2.19 N/mm², and 2.27 N/mm², respectively. The SAP exhibited moderate performance with enhanced internal curing, while PVA offered balanced hydration benefits but lower strength compared to PEG-400. The increasing dosages of all agents led to a decline in mechanical performance due to reduced hydration efficiency and increased viscosity. The PEG-400 of optimizing self-curing agents to achieve a balance between curing efficiency and mechanical performance, contributing to the development of sustainable, high-quality concrete with reduced water consumption.
Keywords: Self-curing concrete, PEG-400, SAP, PVA, mechanical strength, sustainable construction
Studija o efikasnosti SAP, PEG-400 i PVA kao sredstava za samoočvršćavanje: Uporedni pristup
Izvod
Performanse betona u suštini zavise od procesa hidratacije, što zahteva odgovarajuću vlagu i kontrolisano okruženje za očvršćavanje. Tradicionalno očvršćavanje je izazovno u regionima sa oskudicom vode i na velikim nadmorskim visinama. Samoočvršćavajući beton je nova održiva i efikasna alternativa u scenarijima konvencionalnih metoda očvršćavanja i u izazovnim okruženjima. Samoočvršćavanje, ili unutrašnje očvršćavanje, je inovativno rešenje koje obezbeđuje dovoljnu vlagu za hidrataciju i minimizira isparavanje kako bi se poboljšala svojstva betona. Ova studija istražuje uticaj različitih sredstava za samoočvršćavanje – superapsorbujućih polimera (SAP), polietilen glikola-400 (PEG-400) i polivinil alkohola (PVA) – na sveža i mehanička svojstva samoočvršćavajućeg betona. Razvijeno je devet mešavina, sa sredstvima za samoočvršćavanje ugrađenim u dozama od 1%, 2% i 3% po masi cementa. Analizirana mehanička svojstva obuhvataju čvrstoću na pritisak, zateznu čvrstoću na cepanje i čvrstoću na savijanje, dok je obradivost procenjena testovima sleganja. Rezultati pokazuju da PEG-400 u dozi od 1% ima najbolje performanse u pogledu čvrstoće i obradivosti, sa čvrstoćama na pritisak, zatezanje i savijanje od 26,29 N/mm², 2,19 N/mm² i 2,27 N/mm², respektivno. SAP je pokazao umerene performanse sa poboljšanim unutrašnjim očvršćavanjem, dok je PVA ponudio uravnotežene prednosti hidratacije, ali nižu čvrstoću u poređenju sa PEG-400. Povećanje doza svih agenasa dovelo je do pada mehaničkih performansi zbog smanjene efikasnosti hidratacije i povećane viskoznosti. PEG-400 optimizuje sredstva za samoočvršćavanje kako bi se postigla ravnoteža između efikasnosti očvršćavanja i mehaničkih performansi, doprinoseći razvoju održivog, visokokvalitetnog betona sa smanjenom potrošnjom vode.
Ključne reči: Samoočvršćavajući beton, PEG-400, SAP, PVA, mehanička čvrstoća, održiva gradnja
Sivakumar Durairaj1*, Shankar Durairaj2
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.M. College of Pharmacy, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1294
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
46 – 61 (2026)
Advancements and challenges in self-healing coatings for sustainable smart materials in industry applications
Abstract
This review examines the developing fields of self-healing coatings and smart materials, emphasizing how they have the potential to transform a number of sectors by improving efficiency, sustainability, and durability. A growing number of self-healing coatings incorporate smart materials, which react to environmental stimuli like temperature, pressure, and electric fields, allowing damage to be repaired without the need for outside assistance. Even with some improvements in self-healing processes, there is still a great deal to learn about the long-term functionality and real-world uses of these materials, especially when paired with cutting-edge technology like nanomaterials. The most recent studies on self-healing coatings are summarized in this study, which also offers insights into the mechanisms underlying these advancements, such as vascular systems, reversible chemical bonding, and microencapsulation. It also emphasizes the various ways that smart materials are being used in sectors including construction, automotive, healthcare, and aerospace, showcasing their potential to save maintenance costs and enhance sustainability in general. This study discusses current issues and suggests future lines of inquiry that may propel the development and commercialization of these technologies for practical uses.
Keywords: Advanced coatings; industry applications; nanotechnology; self-healing coatings; smart coating systems; smart materials; sustainability
Napredak i izazovi u samozalečivim premazima za održive pametne materijale u industrijskim primenama
Izvod
Ovaj pregled ispituje razvoj oblasti samozalečivih premaza i pametnih materijala, naglašavajući kako oni imaju potencijal da transformišu brojne sektore poboljšanjem efikasnosti, održivosti i izdržljivosti. Sve veći broj samozalečivih premaza uključuje pametne materijale, koji reaguju na stimuluse iz okoline poput temperature, pritiska i električnih polja, omogućavajući popravku oštećenja bez potrebe za spoljnom pomoći. Čak i uz neka poboljšanja u procesima samozalečivosti, još uvek ima mnogo toga da se nauči o dugoročnoj funkcionalnosti i stvarnoj upotrebi ovih materijala, posebno kada se upare sa najsavremenijom tehnologijom poput nanomaterijala. Najnovije studije o samozalečivim premazima sumirane su u ovoj studiji, koja takođe nudi uvid u mehanizme koji leže u osnovi ovih napretka, kao što su vaskularni sistemi, reverzibilno hemijsko vezivanje i mikroenkapsulacija. Takođe naglašava različite načine na koje se pametni materijali koriste u sektorima, uključujući građevinarstvo, automobilsku industriju, zdravstvenu zaštitu i vazduhoplovstvo, pokazujući njihov potencijal da uštede troškove održavanja i poboljšaju održivost uopšte. Ova studija razmatra aktuelna pitanja i predlaže buduće pravce istraživanja koji bi mogli da podstaknu razvoj i komercijalizaciju ovih tehnologija za praktičnu upotrebu.
Ključne reči: Napredni premazi; industrijske primene; nanotehnologija; samozalečivi premazi; pametni sistemi premaza; pametni materijali; održivost
Dinesh Kumar Vairavel1*, Sivasubramanian Mahadevan1, 2, Armstrong Michael3, Sivakumar Durairaj4, Selvapalam Narayanan5
1, 2School of Mechanical, Aero, Auto and Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
4School of Bio, Chemical and Processing Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
5School of Advanced Sciences, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1390
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
62 – 75 (2026)
Investigating the hydrophobic properties and corrosion resistance of copper surfaces via octadecanoic acid chemical deposition technique
Abstract
This study investigates the enhancement of copper’s hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance through the chemical deposition of octadecanoic acid. Structural and chemical modifications of the treated copper surfaces were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). SEM images revealed significant alterations in surface topography, promoting water repellency, while EDS confirmed the uniform coating of octadecanoic acid. XRD analysis showed that the crystalline structure of copper was preserved. Hydrophobicity was quantitatively assessed through contact angle measurements, which increased from 75° for bare copper to 121.5° for the octadecanoic acid-coated copper, confirming the transition to a hydrophobic surface. Water jetting and water bouncing tests demonstrated superior water repellency and self-cleaning efficiency of the coated surfaces. The contact angle measurement for the coated surface reached approximately 160° during the bouncing tests, indicating highly hydrophobic behaviour. Corrosion resistance was evaluated using dynamic potential polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The dynamic polarization curve indicated a corrosion potential (Ecorr) of -0.0700 V for the coated copper, compared to -0.2036 V for the uncoated copper. The corrosion current density (Icorr) for the coated copper was 3.577 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm², significantly lower than the bare copper’s value of 2.214 × 10⁻⁵ A/cm². The corrosion rate of the coated copper was reduced to 1.388 × 10⁻¹ mm/a from 3.226 × 10⁻¹ mm/a for the uncoated copper, resulting in an efficiency of 83.8%. These findings demonstrate that octadecanoic acid is an effective and cost-efficient protective coating for enhancing copper’s durability and functionality, especially in moisture-prone environments.
Keywords: Copper, corrosion resistance, hydrophobicity, octadecanoic acid, self-cleaning, surface modification
Istraživanje hidrofobnih svojstava i otpornosti bakra na koroziju tehnikom hemijskog taloženja oktadekanskom kiselinom
Izvod
Ova studija istražuje poboljšanje hidrofobnosti i otpornosti bakra na koroziju hemijskim taloženjem oktadekanske kiseline. Strukturne i hemijske modifikacije tretiranih bakarnih površina analizirane su pomoću rendgenske difrakcije (XRD), skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije (SEM) i energetski disperzivne rendgenske spektroskopije (EDS). SEM slike su otkrile značajne promene u topografiji površine, što je doprinelo vodoodbojnosti, dok je EDS potvrdio ujednačen premaz oktadekanskom kiselinom. XRD analiza je pokazala da je kristalna struktura bakra očuvana. Hidrofobnost je kvantitativno procenjena merenjem kontaktnog ugla, koji se povećao sa 75° za goli bakar na 121,5° za bakar obložen oktadekanskom kiselinom, potvrđujući prelazak na hidrofobnu površinu. Testovi mlaznog pranja vode i odbijanja vode pokazali su superiornu vodoodbojnost i efikasnost samočišćenja obloženih površina. Merenje kontaktnog ugla za obloženu površinu dostiglo je približno 160° tokom testova odbijanja, što ukazuje na visoko hidrofobno ponašanje. Otpornost na koroziju je procenjena korišćenjem dinamičke polarizacije potencijala i elektrohemijske impedansne spektroskopije (EIS). Kriva dinamičke polarizacije je pokazala potencijal korozije (Ecorr) od -0,0700 V za obloženi bakar, u poređenju sa -0,2036 V za neobloženi bakar. Gustina struje korozije (Icorr) za obloženi bakar bila je 3,577 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm², što je značajno niže od vrednosti za goli bakar od 2,214 × 10⁻⁵ A/cm². Brzina korozije obloženog bakra je smanjena na 1,388 × 10⁻¹ mm/a sa 3,226 × 10⁻¹ mm/a za neobloženi bakar, što je rezultiralo efikasnošću od 83,8%. Ovi nalazi pokazuju da je oktadekanska kiselina efikasan i isplativ zaštitni premaz za poboljšanje izdržljivosti i funkcionalnosti bakra, posebno u okruženjima sklonim vlazi.
Ključne reči: Bakar, otpornost na koroziju, hidrofobnost, oktadekanska kiselina, samočišćenje, modifikacija površine
Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça Da Silveira1*, Jheison Lopes Dos Santos2, Alaelson Vieira Gomes1, Marcelo Henrique Prado Da Silva1
1Graduate Programme in Materials Science and Engineering, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil
2Brazilian Institute of Medicine and Rehabilitation, IBMR, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1403
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
76 – 84 (2026)
Study of crystallite size and lattice strain by Williamson-Hall analysis in sintered Al2O3 – Fe2O3 ceramics
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of hematite (Fe2O3) as a sintering aid in alumina-based (Al2O3) ceramics. Samples with Fe2O3 concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 wt.% were produced and sintered at 1400 °C. The structural characterization of the samples was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallite size and lattice strain were calculated by the Debye-Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equations. The results showed that Fe2O3 addition fostered crystallite size increase in almost all compositions, leading to a distortion in the Al2O3 lattice. Furthermore, the increase in crystallite size resulted in a reduction in dislocation density within the ceramics. This work contributes to a better understanding of the Al2O3 – Fe2O3 system and its applications in advanced ceramic materials, highlighting the importance of proper composition in ceramics of this compound for optimizing the properties of these materials.
Keywords: Al2O3, Fe2O3, Crystallite size, XRD, Williamson – Hall
Proučavanje veličine kristalita i deformacije rešetke Williamson-Hall analizom u sinterovanoj Al2O3 – Fe2O3 keramici
Izvod
Ova studija istražuje uticaj hematita (Fe2O3) kao pomoćnog sredstva za sinterovanje u keramici na bazi aluminijuma (Al2O3). Uzorci sa koncentracijama Fe2O3 u rasponu od 0,5 do 8 tež.% su proizvedeni i sinterovani na 1400°C. Strukturna karakterizacija uzoraka je izvršena pomoću rendgenske difrakcije (XRD). Veličina kristalita i deformacija rešetke su izračunati pomoću Debye-Scherrer i Williamson-Hall jednačina. Rezultati su pokazali da dodavanje Fe2O3 podstiče povećanje veličine kristalita u skoro svim kompozicijama, što dovodi do izobličenja u Al2O3 rešetki. Štaviše, povećanje veličine kristalita je dovelo do smanjenja gustine dislokacija unutar keramike. Ovaj rad doprinosi boljem razumevanju sistema Al2O3 – Fe2O3 i njegove primene u naprednim keramičkim materijalima, naglašavajući važnost pravilnog sastava u keramici ovog jedinjenja za optimizaciju svojstava ovih materijala.
Ključne reči: Al2O3, Fe2O3, veličina kristala, XRD, Williamson – Hall
Ansam Ali Hashim1*
1Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1357
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
85 – 99 (2026)
Development of a novel cementitious blend derived from calcined pozzolanic materials and nanoparticles of self-compacting high-performance concrete
Abstract
This research includes an experimental study of the potential use of pozzolanic and nanomaterials, including nano calcium carbonate (CC) and calcined clay (CK), throughout the manufacturing process of self-compacting high-performance concrete (SCHPC). Binary and ternary mix systems were prepared using 475 kg/m3 of cement and a fixed water-to-binder ratio (0.35). CK was used in proportions ranging from 6 to 24% of the total mass of cementitious materials. As for the ternary mixes, samples of (6% CK 1.5% CC, 12% CK 1.5 CC, 18% CK 1.5 CC, and 24% CK 1.5% CC) were prepared by partially replacing the weight of cement with CK and CC. The properties of the new SCHPC were assessed by slump flow (D (mm) and T500 (s)), V-funnel, L-box, and segregation resistance tests. Mechanical properties, including compressive and tensile strengths, were measured, and an ultrasonic pulse velocity test of the concrete was performed. Durability properties, including porosity and water absorption, were also measured. The findings demonstrated that adding calcined kaolin clay to concrete significantly improved its durability and mechanical properties. The best improvement was for binary and ternary mixtures at a 12% replacement ratio of calcined kaolin clay, where compressive strength improved by 20.9% and porosity and water absorption decreased by 15.6% and 19.9%, at 56 days compared to the reference mixture. The ternary mixtures also improved better than the ternary mixtures for the same replacement ratios of calcined kaolin clay for all ages. For example, the 12CK1.5CC mixture recorded a 25.5% improvement in compressive strength and a 21.3% and 40.8% reduction in porosity and water absorption compared to the reference mixture at the age of 56 days. This study accomplished its goals by sustainably producing eco-friendly concrete through the reduction of cement content via pozzolanic and nanoparticles.
Keywords: Calcined clay; nano calcium carbonate; segregation resistance; eco-friendly concrete; durability properties
Razvoj nove cementne mešavine dobijene od kalcinisanih pucolanskih materijala i nanočestica samozbijajućeg betona visokih performansi
Izvod
Ovo istraživanje uključuje eksperimentalnu studiju o potencijalnoj upotrebi pucolanskih i nanomaterijala, uključujući nano kalcijum karbonat (CC) i kalcinisanu glinu (CK), tokom procesa proizvodnje samozbijajućeg betona visokih performansi (SCHPC). Binarni i ternarni sistemi mešanja pripremljeni su korišćenjem 475 kg/m3 cementa i fiksnog odnosa vode i veziva (0,35). CK je korišćen u proporcijama od 6 do 24% ukupne mase cementnih materijala. Što se tiče ternarnih mešavina, uzorci (6% CK 1,5% CC, 12% CK 1,5 CC, 18% CK 1,5 CC i 24% CK 1,5% CC) su pripremljeni delimičnom zamenom mase cementa sa CK i CC. Osobine novog SCHPC-a su procenjene testovima sleganja (D (mm) i T500 (s)), V-levka, L-kutije i otpornosti na segregaciju. Izmerena su mehanička svojstva, uključujući čvrstoću na pritisak i zatezanje, i izvršeno je ultrazvučno ispitivanje brzine pulsa betona. Takođe, merena su svojstva izdržljivosti, uključujući poroznost i upijanje vode. Nalazi su pokazali da dodavanje kalcinisane kaolinske gline u beton značajno poboljšava njegovu trajnost i mehanička svojstva. Najbolje poboljšanje je bilo za binarne i ternarne smeše sa 12% zamene kalcinisane kaolinske gline, gde je čvrstoća na pritisak poboljšana za 20,9%, a poroznost i upijanje vode smanjeni za 15,6% i 19,9%, za 56 dana u poređenju sa referentnom smešom. Trostruke mešavine su se, takođe, poboljšale bolje od ternarnih mešavina za iste omere zamene kalcinisane kaolinske gline za sve uzorke. Na primer, mešavina 12CK1.5CC zabeležila je poboljšanje čvrstoće na pritisak od 25,5% i smanjenje poroznosti i upijanja vode od 21,3% i 40,8% u poređenju sa referentnom smešom u periodu od 56 dana. Ova studija je ostvarila svoje ciljeve održivom proizvodnjom ekološki prihvatljivog betona kroz smanjenje sadržaja cementa putem pucolanskih i nanočestica.
Ključne reči: Kalcinisana glina; nano kalcijum karbonat; otpor segregaciji; ekološki prihvatljiv beton; svojstva trajnosti
Mary Pramila Santhi1, Susai Rajendran2*
1Department of Commerce and The Principal, St. Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
2Corrosion Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, St. Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Thamaraipadi, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India (Affiliated to Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal, India)
Review paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1383
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
100 – 111 (2026)
Corrosion management in petroleum industry
Abstract
The world is swiftly advancing towards the development of sustainable infrastructure, emphasizing the use of corrosion-resistant materials to effectively optimize corrosion control and reduce lifecycle costs. Addressing corrosion control and mitigation during the initial design and construction phases of assets proves to be more beneficial in the long term, particularly regarding enhanced safety, performance, asset longevity, environmental protection, and operational cost-effectiveness. Overall, the global cost attributed to corrosion is estimated to reach trillions. In general, corrosion is thought to affect approximately 4 percent of a nation’s GDP, and the continuously escalating environmental threat necessitates immediate and suitable actions. This article will concentrate on the different types of “Corrosion and its Prevention in the Oil and Gas Industry” that impact equipment, pipelines, and infrastructure within the oil and gas sector, along with strategies to alleviate these problems. Corrosion poses a significant challenge in the industry, resulting in safety risks, operational interruptions, and considerable financial losses. This article will address the following essential topics: Types of Corrosion in Oil and Gas, Impact of Corrosion on the Oil and Gas Industry, Corrosion Monitoring and Detection, Corrosion Prevention Methods, Best Practices in Corrosion Management, Case Studies and Industry Standards, and Future Trends in Corrosion Prevention.
Keywords: corrosion, management, oil and gas industry, petroleum industry, pipe line corrosion
Upravljanje korozijom u naftnoj industriji
Izvod
Svet brzo napreduje ka razvoju održive infrastrukture, naglašavajući upotrebu materijala otpornih na koroziju kako bi se efikasno optimizovala kontrola korozije i smanjili troškovi životnog ciklusa. Rešavanje problema kontrole i ublažavanja korozije tokom početnih faza projektovanja i izgradnje imovine pokazalo se korisnijim na duži rok, posebno u pogledu poboljšane bezbednosti, performansi, dugovečnosti imovine, zaštite životne sredine i operativne isplativosti. Ukupno, procenjuje se da globalni troškovi koji se pripisuju koroziji dostižu trilione. Generalno, smatra se da korozija utiče na približno 4 procenta BDP-a nacije, a kontinuirano rastuća pretnja po životnu sredinu zahteva hitne i odgovarajuće akcije. Ovaj članak će se fokusirati na različite vrste „korozije i njene prevencije u naftnoj i gasnoj industriji“ koje utiču na opremu, cevovode i infrastrukturu u naftnom i gasnom sektoru, zajedno sa strategijama za ublažavanje ovih problema. Korozija predstavlja značajan izazov u industriji, što rezultira bezbednosnim rizicima, prekidima u radu i značajnim finansijskim gubicima. Ovaj članak će se baviti sledećim osnovnim temama: Vrste korozije u naftnoj i gasnoj industriji, Uticaj korozije na naftnu i gasnu industriju, Praćenje i otkrivanje korozije, Metode sprečavanja korozije, Najbolje prakse u upravljanju korozijom, Studije slučaja i industrijski standardi i Budući trendovi u sprečavanju korozije.
Ključne reči: korozija, upravljanje, naftna i gasna industrija, naftna industrija, korozija cevovoda
Chandra Kant Bhardwaj1*, Sana Rafi2, Abhilasha Mishra3, Nouman4
1Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Geography, School of Earth Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, S.R.T Campus, Tehri, India
3Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
4Molecular and Biophysical lab, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1087
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
112 – 118 (2026)
Synthesis, characterization, chromatographic and antimicrobial studies of transition metal complexes of cobalt(II) and iron(III)
Abstract
Metal complexes Cobalt(II) and iron(III) were synthesized by reacting metal nitrate with alprazolam. During this study, the elemental analyses of complexes confine to the stoichiometry of the type [(L)M(NO3)2], [(L)M(NO3)3] where M = Cobalt(II) and Iron(III) and L = alprazolam. Alprazolam’s IR bands shift to confirm metal ion coordination. Complexes of metal ions were found to be bidentate and tridentate with ‘‘N(1) and N(4)” positions on the ligand. This study examined alprazolam and its complexes for their antimicrobial properties against selected bacteria and fungi. Streptomycin and Nyastatin were used as standard drugs for antimicrobial and antifungal studies, respectively. These complexes are bioactive as the complexes of Iron(III) and Cobalt(II) ions of alprazolam are more effective against selected bacterial and fungal species than the drug Alprazolam. The increased chelating tendency of metal complexes results in enhanced activity and these inhibits more of bacterial and fungal growth than ligand alprazolam.
Keywords: Metal complexes, infra-red, alprazolam, antimicrobial and bioactive
Sinteza, karakterizacija, hromatografska i antimikrobna istraživanja kompleksa prelaznih metala kobalt(II) i gvožđa(III)
Izvod
Metalni kompleksi kobalt(II) i gvožđe(III) su sintetizovani reakcijom metalnog nitrata sa alprazolamom. Tokom ove studije, elementarne analize kompleksa su ograničene na stehiometriju tipa [(L)M(NO3)2], [(L)M(NO3)3] gde je M = kobalt(II) i gvožđe(III) i L = alprazolam. Alprazolamovi IR pojasevi se pomeraju da bi se potvrdila koordinacija metalnih jona. Utvrđeno je da su kompleksi metalnih jona bidentatni i tridentatni sa „N(1) i N(4)” pozicijama na ligandu. Ova studija je ispitivala alprazolam i njegove komplekse na njihova antimikrobna svojstva protiv odabranih bakterija i gljivica. Streptomicin i niastatin su korišćeni kao standardni lekovi za antimikrobne i antigljivične studije. Joni kobalta(II) i gvožđa(III) alprazolama su efikasniji protiv odabranih bakterijskih i gljivičnih vrsta od leka Alprazolam. Povećana sklonost heliranju metalnih kompleksa dovodi do pojačane aktivnosti i one više inhibiraju rast bakterija i gljivica nego ligand alprazolam.
Ključne reči: Metalni kompleksi, infracrveni, alprazolam, antimikrobni i bioaktivni
Jelena Lađarević1, Bojan Božić2, Dušan Mijin1, Luka Matović3, Nataša Valentić1, Evica Ivanović4, Nebojša Banjac4*
1Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
2Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja“, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
3Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
4Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1394
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
119 – 132 (2026)
Study of tautomerism and solvatochromism of 5-(substituted phenylazo)-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pyridones
Abstract
In this study, ten 5-(substituted phenylazo)-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pyridone dyes were synthesized, differing in both the position and the nature of substituents on the phenyl ring. The structural characterization of the dyes was performed using melting point analysis, FT-IR, NMR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The study includes spectral determination of the possible tautomeric forms in both the solid state and various solvents. Solvatochromic properties are investigated in 21 solvents with varying properties to assess the impact of solvent-solute interactions and effects of substituents electronic nature on the absorption maxima. For quantitative evaluation of the non-specific and specific solvent effects on the UV-Vis absorption maxima, the principles of the linear solvation energy relationships are used, i.e. models proposed by Kamlet-Taft and Catalán. Based on electronic distribution and substituent effects, methoxy-substituted dyes in ortho- and para- positions of phenyl ring have emerged as the most promising candidates for corrosion inhibition.
Keywords: pyridone azo dyes, tautomerism, hydrazone, LSER
Tautomerija i solvatohromizam 5-(supstituisanih fenilazo)-3-cijano-6-hidroksi-4-metil-2-piridona
Izvod
U okviru rada, sintetisano je deset molekula 5-(supstituisanih fenilazo)-3-cijano-6-hidroksi-4-metil-2-piridona, koji se međusobno razlikuju prema položaju i prirodi supstituenata na fenilnom prstenu. Sintetisane boje su detaljno okarakterisane tačkom topljenja i spektroskopskim tehnikama (FT-IR, NMR i UV-Vis). Budući da su elektronska gustina i hemijska struktura organskih molekula od ključne važnosti za njihovu primenu kao inhibitora korozije, ovaj rad se fokusira na određivanje specifičnog tautomernog oblika boja u čvrstom stanju i različitim rastvaračima. Apsorpcioni spektri su određeni u 21 rastvaraču različitih svojstava. Uticaj rastvarača na apsorpcione maksimume određen je LSER metodom (Kamlet-Taft i Catalan modeli). U oba slučaja dobijene su odlične linearne zavisnosti izračunatih talasnih brojeva od eksperimentalnih vrednosti. LSER analiza je pokazala da je solvatohromizam ovih boja prvenstveno određen nespecifičnim interakcijama između molekula boje i rastvarača. Na osnovu analize efekata supstituenata na raspored elektronske gustine ovih boja, boje sa metoksi-grupom u –orto i -para položajima fenilnog jezgra izdvojile su se kao potencijalni kandidati za inhibitore korozije.
Ključne reči: piridonske azo boje, tautomerija, hidrazon, LSER
Farzet Bikić1*, Dejana Kasapović1
1Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1400
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
133 – 138 (2026)
Investigation of pitting corrosion in austenitic stainless steels AISI 304L and AISI 317L: With particular emphasis on the role of molybdenum
Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels are among the most widely used stainless steel grades, with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 300 series being particulary common. Beginning with the base alloy 304 (Fe-19Cr-10Ni), the incorporation of molybdenum enhances pitting corrosion resistance (2-3 wt.% in AISI 316 and 3-4 wt.% in AISI 317). To prevent sensitisation caused by chromium depletion during welding and other thermal processes, and the resulting risk of intergranular corrosion, low-carbon variants such as 304L, 316L, 317L (with carbon content ≤ 0.03 wt.%) are employed. Alternatively, stabilization can be achieved by alloying with titanium (AISI 321) or niobium and tantalum (AISI 347), which bind carbon at elevated temperatures. Chromium contributes to oxidation resistance, whilst nickel improves ductility and workability at ambient conditions. This paper investigates the pitting corrosion behaviour of low-carbon austenitic stainless steels, specifically AISI 317L and AISI 304L. The experimental results are presented through cyclic potentiodynamic polarization curves. Findings indicate that the severity of pitting corrosion decreases with reduced temperatures in a 1.5% NaCl solution and that the presence of molybdenum in AISI 317L notably enhances corrosion resistance.
Keywords: austenitic stainless steels, molybdenum, pitting corrosion, temperature, chemical composition, cyclic polarization curves
Ispitivanje pitting korozije austenitnih nehrđajućih čelika tipova AISI 304L i AISI 317L: S posebnim naglaskom na ulogu molibdena
Izvod
Austenitni nehrđajući čelici su među najčešće korišćenim vrstama nehrđajućeg čelika, a posebno je uobičajena serija 300 Američkog instituta za gvožđe i čelik (AISI). Počevši od osnovne legure 304 (Fe-19Cr-10Ni), ugradnja molibdena poboljšava otpornost na koroziju u obliku tačkaste korozije (2-3 tež.% kod AISI 316 i 3-4 tež.% kod AISI 317). Da bi se sprečila senzibilizacija izazvana smanjenjem hroma tokom zavarivanja i drugih termičkih procesa, i rezultirajući rizik od interkristalne korozije, koriste se varijante sa niskim sadržajem ugljenika kao što su 304L, 316L, 317L (sa sadržajem ugljenika ≤ 0,03 tež.%). Alternativno, stabilizacija se može postići legiranjem sa titanijumom (AISI 321) ili niobijumom i tantalom (AISI 347), koji vezuju ugljenik na povišenim temperaturama. Hrom doprinosi otpornosti na oksidaciju, dok nikl poboljšava duktilnost i obradivost u ambijentalnim uslovima. Ovaj rad istražuje ponašanje niskougljeničnih austenitnih nehrđajućih čelika, posebno AISI 317L i AISI 304L, usled tačkaste korozije. Eksperimentalni rezultati su predstavljeni kroz ciklične potenciodinamske polarizacione krive. Rezultati ukazuju na to da se intenzitet tačkaste korozije smanjuje sa smanjenjem temperature u 1,5% rastvoru NaCl i da prisustvo molibdena u AISI 317L značajno poboljšava otpornost na koroziju.
Ključne reči: Austenitni nehrđajući čelici, molibden, tačkasta korozija, temperatura, hemijski sastav, ciklične polarizacione krive
Nnaemeka Uwaezuoke1*, Emmanuel Ojecho1, Onyebuchi Ivan Nwanwe1, Stanley Ibuchi Onwukwe1
1Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1280
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
139 – 148 (2026)
Batch adsorption using C. aurantiifolia peel as bio-adsorbent for the treatment of heavy metals in produced water from petroleum production
Abstract
Most produced water treatment techniques are ineffective in reducing impurities and concentration of metals. This causes difficulty in achieving disposal levels. The effectiveness of a biomaterial for produced water treatment for a Niger Delta oilfield is presented. The produced water sample was collected from a Niger Delta oilfield and preserved at ambient temperature of 28 oC, further characterized, and the result showed lead (0.0082 mg/l), nickel (0.0084 mg/l), cadmium (0.0051 mg/l), copper (0.94 mg/l), iron (0.26 mg/l), magnesium (0.068 mg/l), chromium (0.0071 mg/l), zinc (1.17 mg/l) and manganese (0.053 mg/l). Citrus aurantiifolia peel was used as an adsorbent and it was purchased from a local market in Eziobodo, Nigeria. After peeling, the bioadsorbent (lime peel) was prepared by thoroughly washing it with distilled water to get rid of any extraneous materials (such as dirt or impurities) stuck on its surface. The washed lime peel was then cut to pieces and sun-dried for at least 48 hours, after which it was also oven-dried after preheating to 55oC to prevent burning for 2-3 hours. The dried peels were then milled into finer particles, and packed in high-density polyethylene (HDPE, 0.77 mm thickness) bags. Experiments on batch adsorption were used to determine the effects of time of contact, dose of adsorbent, and speed of agitation. The samples were treated with the bioadsorbent on the magnetic stirrer in which various adsorption tests were carried out at different time intervals to obtain the optimum desired results for the removal of the metals. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer technique was used in the study where the digested samples were analyzed for heavy metal content. Their concentrations were reduced after the treatments to Pb (0.0016 mg/l), Ni (0.0021 mg/l), Cd (0.00013 mg/l), Cu (0.019 mg/l), Fe (0.014 mg/l), Mg (0.0016 mg/l), Cr (0.0010 mg/l), Zn (0.21 mg/l), and Mn (0.0015 mg/l). The percentage of adsorption of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Cr, Zn, and Mn were 80.49%, 75.00%, 97.45%, 97.98%, 94.62%, 97.65%, 85.92%, 82.05%, and 97.17%, respectively. The Citrus aurantiifolia peels exhibited potential as adsorbent for heavy metals treatment in produced water.
Keywords: heavy metals, produced water, Citrus aurantiifolia peel, bio-adsorbent
Šaržna adsorpcija korišćenjem kore C. aurantiifolia kao bio-adsorbenta za tretman teških metala u proizvedenoj vodi iz proizvodnje nafte
Izvod
Većina tehnika tretmana proizvedene vode je neefikasna u smanjenju nečistoća i koncentracije metala. Ovo uzrokuje poteškoće u postizanju nivoa odlaganja. Prikazana je efikasnost biomaterijala za tretman proizvedene vode za naftno polje delte Nigera. Uzorak proizvedene vode je sakupljen sa naftnog polja Delta Nigera i čuvan na temperaturi okoline od 28oC, dalje karakterisan, a rezultat je pokazao olovo (0,0082 mg/l), nikl (0,0084 mg/l), kadmijum (0,0051 mg/l), bakar (0,94 mg/l), gvožđe (0,26 mg/l), magnezijum (0,068 mg/l), hrom (0,0071 mg/l), cink (1,17 mg/l) i mangan (0,053 mg/l). Citrus aurantiifolia kora je korišćena kao adsorbent i kupljena je na lokalnom tržištu u Eziobodu, Nigerija. Nakon ljuštenja, bioadsorbent (limetova kora) je pripremljen temeljnim pranjem destilovanom vodom da bi se uklonili svi strani materijali (kao što su prljavština ili nečistoće) zaglavljeni na njegovoj površini. Oprana kora limete je zatim isečena na komade i sušena na suncu najmanje 48 sati, nakon čega je, takođe, sušena u rerni nakon zagrevanja na 55oC da bi se sprečilo zagorevanje 2-3 sata. Osušene kore su zatim mlevene u sitnije čestice i pakovane u kese od polietilena visoke gustine (HDPE, debljine 0,77 mm). Eksperimenti sa šaržnom adsorpcijom su korišćeni da bi se odredili efekti vremena kontakta, doze adsorbenta i brzine mešanja. Uzorci su tretirani bioadsorbentom na magnetnoj mešalici u kojoj su vršeni različiti testovi adsorpcije u različitim vremenskim intervalima da bi se dobili optimalni željeni rezultati za uklanjanje metala. Tehnika atomskog apsorpcionog spektrofotometra je korišćena u studiji gde su digestirani uzorci analizirani na sadržaj teških metala. Njihove koncentracije su nakon tretmana smanjene na Pb (0,0016 mg/l), Ni (0,0021 mg/l), Cd (0,00013 mg/l), Cu (0,019 mg/l), Fe (0,014 mg/l), Mg (0,0016 mg/l), Cr (0,0010 mg/l) i Mn (0,0015 mg/l). Procenat adsorpcije Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Cr, Zn i Mn bio je 80,49%, 75,00%, 97,45%, 97,98%, 94,62%, 97,65%, 85,92%, 82,05%, odnosno 97,17%. Citrus aurantiifolia kore su pokazale potencijal kao adsorbent za tretman teških metala u proizvedenoj vodi.
Ključne reči: teški metali, proizvedena voda, kora Citrus aurantiifolia, bio-adsorbent
Azuka N. Amitaye1, 2, Elias E. Elemike2, Terngu T. Uzah2*
1Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, P.M.B. 1005, Warri South-West, Nigeria
2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, P.M.B 1221, Effurun, Nigeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1406
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
149 – 158 (2026)
Valorization of African giant land snail shell waste (Archachatina marginata) by extraction of chitosan from it
Abstract
The African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata) is one of the most common mollusks in southern Nigeria. It has a shell that constitutes more than half of its body mass and it is usually discarded as waste. The goal of the present study is to valorize snail shell wastes by extracting chitosan, a versatile and top-demanding biopolymer from it. Chitosan was extracted by chemical methods and characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, and powdered X-ray diffraction. Quality parameters such as solubility, moisture content, ash value and degree of deacetylation were determined for snail shell-chitosan. The results show that snail shell chitosan is of comparable quality to commercially marketed shrimp chitosan. Snail shell chitosan has a DD value of 78.4 %, solubility of 95.35 %, moisture of 1.42 %, and ash value of 1.61 % which affirms snail shell-chitosan as a sustainable and suitable feedstock for commercial production of chitosan. The yield of chitosan based on snail shells was 14.83 % which is comparable to yield from crustacean shell wastes.
Keywords: Archachatina marginata, shell waste, chitosan, quality parameters, valorization
Valorizacija otpada ljušture afričkog džinovskog kopnenog puža (Archachatina marginata) ekstrakcijom hitozana iz njega
Izvod
Afrički džinovski kopneni puž (Archachatina marginata) jedan je od najčešćih mekušaca u južnoj Nigeriji. Ima ljušturu koja čini više od polovine njegove telesne mase i obično se odbacuje kao otpad. Cilj ove studije je valorizacija otpada ljušture puža ekstrakcijom hitozana, svestranog i veoma zahtevnog biopolimera iz njega. Hitozan je ekstrahovan hemijskim metodama i okarakterisan Furijeovom transformisanom infracrvenom spektroskopijom i difrakcijom X-zraka praha. Parametri kvaliteta kao što su rastvorljivost, sadržaj vlage, vrednost pepela i stepen deacetilacije određeni su za hitozan iz ljušture puža. Rezultati pokazuju da je hitozan iz ljušture puža uporedivog kvaliteta sa komercijalno prodajnim hitozanom iz škampa. Hitozan iz ljuštura puževa ima DD vrednost od 78,4%, rastvorljivost od 95,35%, vlagu od 1,42% i vrednost pepela od 1,61%, što potvrđuje da je hitozan iz ljuštura puževa održiva i pogodna sirovina za komercijalnu proizvodnju hitozana. Prinos hitozana na bazi ljuštura puževa bio je 14,83%, što je uporedivo sa prinosom iz otpada ljuštura rakova.
Ključne reči: Archachatina marginata, otpad ljuštura, hitozan, parametri kvaliteta, valorizacija
Ahlem Chahinez Kadri1, M’hamed Ouadah1*, Abderrahmane Younes2, Sofiane Chabane3
1Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Technologies Avancées, Place des Martyrs, 16001 Algiers, Algeria
2Research Center in Industrial Technologies (CRTI), Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria
3CIMA+, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1418
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
159 – 170 (2026)
Assessing the impact of AC, DC and hybrid AC/DC stray currents on cathodic protection efficiency
Abstract
Ensuring the efficiency of cathodic protection (CP) is critical for maintaining the integrity of buried pipelines. Stray currents, particularly those originating from high-voltage power lines, can interfere with CP systems, leading to accelerated corrosion. This study investigates the effects of alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), and hybrid AC/DC stray currents on CP performance. Electrochemical measurements and finite element modeling (FEM) were employed to evaluate the impact of these currents on X70 steel pipelines. Results indicate that AC stray currents reduce CP effectiveness by shifting protection potentials to more electropositive values, increasing corrosion risk. DC stray currents affect CP voltage settings, while hybrid AC/DC interference exacerbates both effects. Findings provide insights into pipeline protection strategies, particularly in environments with mixed AC/DC stray currents.
Keywords: AC stray current, DC stray current, hybrid AC/DC interference, corrosion, cathodic protection, finite element method (FEM)
Procena uticaja AC, DC i hibridnih AC/DC lutajućih struja na efikasnost katodne zaštite
Izvod
Obezbeđivanje efikasnosti katodne zaštite (KZ) je ključno za održavanje integriteta zakopanih cevovoda. Lutajuće struje, posebno one koje potiču iz visokonaponskih dalekovoda, mogu ometati KP sisteme, što dovodi do ubrzane korozije. Ova studija istražuje efekte naizmenične struje (AC), jednosmerne struje (DC) i hibridnih AC/DC lutajućih struja na performanse KZ. Elektrohemijska merenja i modeliranje konačnih elemenata (FEM) korišćeni su za procenu uticaja ovih struja na čelične cevovode X70. Rezultati pokazuju da AC lutajuće struje smanjuju efikasnost KZ pomeranjem potencijala zaštite na elektropozitivnije vrednosti, povećavajući rizik od korozije. DC lutajuće struje utiču na podešavanja napona KZ, dok hibridna AC/DC interferencija pogoršava oba efekta. Rezultati pružaju uvid u strategije zaštite cevovoda, posebno u okruženjima sa mešovitim AC/DC lutajućim strujama.
Ključne reči: AC lutajuća struja, DC lutajuća struja, hibridna AC/DC interferencija, korozija, katodna zaštita, metoda konačnih elemenata (FEM)
Abdelmadjid Atassi1, Mounir Djellab1, 2, Hamza Bentrah1, 2*, Abdelouahad Chala1, Mohamed Cherif Ben Ameur3, Slimane Kherief1, Ridha Azzouz1, 4, Amir Eddine Kabouia1, Bouzid Bouamra1
1Laboratory of Physics of Thin Films and Applications, University of Biskra, B.P. 145, Biskra, R.P. 07000 Algeria
2Laboratoire de Génie des procédés chimiques et de l’environnement, University of Biskra, B.P. 145, Biskra, R.P. 07000 Algeria
3Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Via Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milano MI, Italy
4Centre de recherche scientifique et technique des régions arides de Biskra, University of Biskra, B.P. 145, Biskra, R.P. 07000 Algeria
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1393
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
171 – 180 (2026)
Corrosion inhibition efficiency of the Myrrh Gum on API 5CTP110 tubing in hydrochloric acid
Abstract
The corrosion inhibition properties of Myrrh Gum (MG) on API 5CTP110 tubing in a 0.5 M HCl solution were investigated using electrochemical techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The study demonstrated that MG exhibits exceptional inhibitory performance, achieving an efficiency of 92% at an optimal concentration of 3 g/L. The analysis revealed that the adsorption of MG molecules onto the steel surface follows the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating a process dominated by physical adsorption. Additionally, MG acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, effectively mitigating both anodic and cathodic reactions. These findings highlight the potential of Myrrh Gum as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for industrial applications, particularly in acidic environments. The use of MG aligns with sustainable practices, providing a viable alternative to traditional synthetic inhibitors and contributing to the development of green corrosion prevention strategies.
Keywords: Eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor, API 5CTP110 tubing, Myrrh Gum, Hydrochloric acid, EIS
Efikasnost inhibitora korozije gume mirte na cevima API 5CTP110 u hlorovodoničnoj kiselini
Izvod
Ispitivana su svojstva inhibicije korozije gume mirte (MG) na cevima API 5CTP110 u rastvoru HCl od 0,5 M. Studija je pokazala da MG pokazuje izuzetne inhibitorne performanse, postižući efikasnost od 92% pri optimalnoj koncentraciji od 3 g/L. Analiza je otkrila da adsorpcija molekula MG na površinu čelika prati model Langmirove izoterme, što ukazuje na proces kojim dominira fizička adsorpcija. Pored toga, MG deluje kao inhibitor mešovitog tipa, efikasno ublažavajući i anodne i katodne reakcije. Ovi nalazi ističu potencijal gume mirte kao isplativog i ekološki prihvatljivog inhibitora korozije za industrijske primene, posebno u kiselim sredinama. Upotreba MG je u skladu sa održivim praksama, pružajući održivu alternativu tradicionalnim sintetičkim inhibitorima i doprinoseći razvoju zelenih strategija za sprečavanje korozije.
Ključne reči: Ekološki inhibitor korozije, API 5CTP110 cevi, guma mirte, hlorovodonična kiselina, EIS
Valentina Loganina1, Vadim Pylaev1, Roman Fediuk2, 3*, Bassam A. Tayeh4, Sergey Klyuev5, 6, Alexander Klyuev5, Svetlana Shambina6, German Fediuk2
1Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Penza, Russia
2Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
3Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “CNIIP of the Ministry of Construction of Russia” Far Eastern Scientific Research, Design and Technological Institute for Construction, Vladivostok, Russia
4Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. 108, Gaza Strip, Palestine
5Belgorod State Technological University n.a. V.G. Shukhov, Belgorod, Russia
6RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1429
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
181 – 190 (2026)
Lime compositions with polysaccharides for building walls restoration and protection
Abstract
Preserving historical heritage is a significant priority in contemporary urban planning. However, enhancing the durability of lime coatings used in the restoration of cultural heritage sites remains a challenge. This study aims to identify a method for improving the crack resistance of lime-based coatings using polysaccharide additives. The study examines water-soluble modified polysaccharides AtrenCemHV and AtrenCem LV. The maximum adsorption values of these additives on lime were determined, with AtrenCemHV at 1.83 g/g and AtrenCem LV at 1.66 g/g. Findings indicate that the adsorption of polysaccharides onto the surface of Ca(OH)2 lime particles leads to the formation of a composite structure containing inter- and intercrystalline organic molecules, which enhances the crack resistance of the coatings. The research also provides insights into the carbonization process of lime coatings containing polysaccharide additives, revealing that these additives increase the thickness of the carbonized layer. Lime compositions with polysaccharides demonstrate greater cohesive strength due to a high calcite content. Additionally, the formation of a composite structure with organic molecules contributes to a reduction in the elastic modulus and hardness of the coatings. Lime coatings with the AtrenCem LV additive endured 35 cycles of freezing and thawing. Thus, the new findings on lime compositions with polysaccharide additives are crucial for restoring building walls.
Keywords: lime, polysaccharides, monomolecular adsorption, carbonization, crack resistance, coatings
Kompozicije kreča sa polisaharidima za restauraciju i zaštitu zidova zgrada
Izvod
Očuvanje istorijskog nasleđa je značajan prioritet u savremenom urbanističkom planiranju. Međutim, poboljšanje trajnosti krečnih premaza koji se koriste u restauraciji lokaliteta kulturne baštine ostaje izazov. Cilj ove studije je da se identifikuje metod za poboljšanje otpornosti na pucanje premaza na bazi kreča korišćenjem polisaharidnih aditiva. Studija ispituje modifikovane polisaharide rastvorljive u vodi AtrenCemHV i AtrenCem LV. Određene su maksimalne vrednosti adsorpcije ovih aditiva na kreču, sa AtrenCemHV na 1,83 g/g i AtrenCem LV na 1,66 g/g. Rezultati ukazuju da adsorpcija polisaharida na površinu čestica kreča Ca(OH)2 dovodi do formiranja kompozitne strukture koja sadrži inter- i interkristalne organske molekule, što poboljšava otpornost premaza na pucanje. Istraživanje takođe pruža uvid u proces karbonizacije krečnih premaza koji sadrže polisaharidne aditive, otkrivajući da ovi aditivi povećavaju debljinu karbonizovanog sloja. Krečne kompozicije sa polisaharidima pokazuju veću kohezionu čvrstoću zbog visokog sadržaja kalcita. Pored toga, formiranje kompozitne strukture sa organskim molekulima doprinosi smanjenju modula elastičnosti i tvrdoće premaza. Krečni premazi sa aditivom AtrenCem LV izdržali su 35 ciklusa smrzavanja i odmrzavanja. Stoga su nova saznanja o sastavima kreča sa aditivima polisaharida ključna za restauraciju zidova zgrada.
Ključne reči: kreč, polisaharidi, monomolekularna adsorpcija, karbonizacija, otpornost na pucanje, premazi
Vladimir D. Jović1*
1University of Belgrade – Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Scientific paper
ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1671
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Zastita Materijala 67 (1)
191 – 198 (2026)
Adsorption of iodide anions onto Ag(111)
Abstract
In this work, adsorption process of iodide anions onto Ag(111) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and differential capacitance (Cdiff vs. ω) measurements. Fitting of experimental results was performed by using commercial program for fitting defined by Gamry Instruments Inc. in EIS 300 software, as well as by equation for Cdiff vs. ω dependence defined in previous investigations for anion adsorption, containing Constant Phase Element corresponding to the double layer capacitance (CPEdl) connected in parallel with adsorption capacitance (Cad) and adsorption resistance (Rad). Although the Cdiff vs. ω dependences were obtained from the EIS measurements, significant difference in parameters for anion adsorption obtained by both procedures indicated that the analysis of Cdiff vs. ω dependence is more reliable.
Keywords: Ag(111), iodide adsorption, adsorption mechanism, EIS, Cdiff vs. ω dependence
Adsorpcija anjona jodida na Ag(111)
Izvod
U ovom radu, proces adsorpcije jodidnih anjona na Ag(111) je ispitan korišćenjem ciklične voltametrije (CV), elektrohemijske impedansne spektroskopije (EIS) i merenja diferencijalnog kapaciteta (Cdiff vs. ω). Fitovanje eksperimentalnih rezultata je izvršeno korišćenjem komercijalnog programa za fitovanje definisanog od strane Gamry Instruments Inc. u EIS 300 softveru, kao i jednačinom za zavisnost Cdiff vs. ω definisanu u prethodnim istraživanjima za adsorpciju anjona, koja sadrži element konstantne faze – koji odgovara dvoslojnom kapacitetu (CPEdl) povezanom paralelno sa adsorpcionim kapacitetom (Cad) i adsorpcionim otporom (Rad). Iako su zavisnosti Cdiff vs. ω dobijene iz EIS merenja, značajna razlika u parametrima za adsorpciju anjona dobijenim oba postupka ukazala je da je analiza zavisnosti Cdiff vs. ω pouzdanija.
Ključne reči: Ag(111), adsorpcija jodida, mehanizam adsorpcije, EIS, zavisnost Cdiff vs. ω





